Optimizing Anchorage Safety Under Typhoons: Key Factor Identification and Dynamic Tiered Management via SEM–fsQCA Hybrid Modeling

Li, Tifang; Weng, Zihao; Yan, Jin; Wang, Lijun; Li, Ronghui; Wang, Wei

doi:10.3390/su18105068

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Anchorage Safety Under Typhoons: Key Factor Identification and Dynamic Tiered Management via SEM–fsQCA Hybrid Modeling

by

Tifang Li

^1,†,

Zihao Weng

^1,†,

Jin Yan

^1,2,

Lijun Wang

^1,2,

Ronghui Li

^1,2,*

and

Wei Wang

^1,2,*

¹

College of Naval Architecture and Shipping, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China

²

Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment for South China Sea Marine Ranching, Zhanjiang 524088, China

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 5068; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18105068 (registering DOI)

Submission received: 16 March 2026 / Revised: 8 May 2026 / Accepted: 13 May 2026 / Published: 18 May 2026

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Strategies for Building More Resilient Coastal Communities in a Changing Climate)

Download Versions Notes

Abstract

Identifying and optimizing core factor configurations for anchorage operational safety under typhoon scenarios is critical to enhancing anchorage operational resilience and sustainable port development. This study develops a complementary hybrid SEM–fsQCA framework: key factors are identified via literature review and expert interviews; SEM quantifies factor correlations and contribution weights and corrects expert-evaluated anchorage capacity; six core factors are extracted, three typhoon types (heavy-rainfall, strong-wind, complex-track) are defined, and a coupled anchorage–typhoon case dataset is constructed. Subsequently, fsQCA performs necessary condition analysis and identifies causal configurations driving safety effectiveness. Based on these configurations, we establish a dynamic three-tier risk classification framework for refined anchorage management. Validated using 36 coupled cases (12 anchorages × 3 typhoon types) from Huizhou Port, a core hub in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, this framework enables adaptive vessel traffic scheduling throughout the entire typhoon cycle through dynamic tiered management. The proposed “identification-intervention-feedback” closed-loop governance model delivers theoretical rigor and operational implementation ability for coastal port typhoon risk mitigation.

Keywords: anchorage safety effectiveness; climate risk management; typhoon scenarios; SEM–fsQCA; anchorage capacity; dynamic tiered management

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, T.; Weng, Z.; Yan, J.; Wang, L.; Li, R.; Wang, W. Optimizing Anchorage Safety Under Typhoons: Key Factor Identification and Dynamic Tiered Management via SEM–fsQCA Hybrid Modeling. Sustainability 2026, 18, 5068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18105068

AMA Style

Li T, Weng Z, Yan J, Wang L, Li R, Wang W. Optimizing Anchorage Safety Under Typhoons: Key Factor Identification and Dynamic Tiered Management via SEM–fsQCA Hybrid Modeling. Sustainability. 2026; 18(10):5068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18105068

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Tifang, Zihao Weng, Jin Yan, Lijun Wang, Ronghui Li, and Wei Wang. 2026. "Optimizing Anchorage Safety Under Typhoons: Key Factor Identification and Dynamic Tiered Management via SEM–fsQCA Hybrid Modeling" Sustainability 18, no. 10: 5068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18105068

APA Style

Li, T., Weng, Z., Yan, J., Wang, L., Li, R., & Wang, W. (2026). Optimizing Anchorage Safety Under Typhoons: Key Factor Identification and Dynamic Tiered Management via SEM–fsQCA Hybrid Modeling. Sustainability, 18(10), 5068. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18105068

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Menu

Optimizing Anchorage Safety Under Typhoons: Key Factor Identification and Dynamic Tiered Management via SEM–fsQCA Hybrid Modeling

Abstract

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Article Access Statistics

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI