Assessment of the Possibility of Implementing a Circular Economy by Environmental Evaluating the Life Cycle of Products Derived from Bulky Municipal Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What are the environmental hotspots in the (from cradle to market) life cycle of the secondary wooden blocks? (Q1);
- Are the results sensitive to a choice of allocation procedure? (Q2);
- Are the secondary wooden blocks an environmentally better or worse option in comparison to similar products? (Q3).
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Material Flow Analysis
2.2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
2.2.1. Goal and Scope Definition
- Transport of bulky waste (transport to the processing site, 50 km),
- Recovery—processing of bulky waste and separation of the wooden fraction with shredding, magnetic separation, ballistic separation, cutting, stirring, pressing,
- Recycling—fabrication of secondary wooden blocks with shredding, homogenization of the structure of the materials, stirring and pressing together with additives,
- Distribution of secondary wooden blocks (transport to the market, 100 km).
- 100:0 (cut-off), baseline—0% of the burdens for forestry and 100% of the burdens from recovery and recycling are allocated to the secondary wooden blocks;
- The market price-based allocation—the virgin material production (forestry) needs to be partitioned between the product where the virgin material is used and the product where the material is lost [64]. The allocation factor A is defined as the ratio between the market value of scrap or recycled material to the market value of virgin material [64]. In our case study, prices representative of Polish market have been used. Based on yearly reports of the Central Statistical Office [66,67,68,69,70], an average 5-year price for primary wood has been calculated (58 euro/m3). Because of lack of market data on waste wood, a price of wood waste for 2024 year [71] has been used (6 euro/m3). The allocation factor A is 0.1 (6/58), which means that 10% of the burdens from forestry and 100% of the burdens from recovery and recycling are allocated to the recycled wooden blocks;
- The Circular Footprint Formula—as our case study has been scoped from the cradle to the market, only a part of the CFF formula (for Material) has been applied. The formula has been sourced from the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2021/2279 [62] and presented in an Equation (1):
2.2.2. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
3. Results—Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
3.1. What Are the Environmental Hotspots in the Life Cycle of Secondary Wooden Blocks?
3.2. Are the Results Sensitive to the Choice of Allocation Procedure?
3.3. Are the Secondary Wooden Blocks an Environmentally Better or Worse Option in Comparison to the Market Alternatives?
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The objective of the article was to propose and attempt to evaluate, using LCA, a management system for bulky waste, in particular wood and wood-based wastes coming from the selective collection of municipal waste.
- The largest impact is exerted by the electricity used. Yet, it should be noted that the demand for electricity was calculated on a laboratory scale. Reducing electricity consumption and using renewable electricity are the most evident recommendations for further improving the process.
- A choice of electricity type impacted the results strongly. If the European electricity mix was assumed, the results for secondary blocks were very high. If renewable sources are used (in our calculations wind power has been assumed), the environmental score for secondary wooden blocks decreases to a level similar to or even lower than for other alternatives. Reduction of electricity consumption (as a result of switching from laboratory to commercial scale) through the use of renewable energy sources will allow the development of a technology for the production of new material with a limited impact on the environment in relation to the current solution. The use of the LCA method ensures that the result of the environmental impact assessment is measurable and objective.
- The results are highly sensitive to the choice of allocation procedure. It should be noted that the secondary blocks have been ranked differently depending on the type of approach used to model multifunctionality. In this context, agreeing on a single common approach to model multifunctionality would be desirable. The Circular Footprint Formula [69] is a good example of looking for this kind of consensus.
- The proposed methodology may serve as an element of quality assessment of new products in the circular economy and in environmental management in the waste management sector.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CFF | Circular Footprint Formula |
EU | European Union |
FRO | Furniture Reuse Organizations |
FW | Furniture Waste |
ISO | International Organization for Standardization |
LCA | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
LCI | Life Cycle Inventory |
LCIA | Life Cycle Impact Assessment |
LDF | Low Density Fiberboard |
HDF | High Density Fiberboard |
MDF | Medium Density Fiberboard |
MFA | Material Flow Analysis |
RDF | Refuse-Derived Fuel |
SFA | Substance Flow Analysis |
WPP | Wood Waste Particles |
WSARC | Water-Soluble Acrylic Resin Coatings |
WWP | Wood Waste Particles |
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TRANSPORT OF BULKY WASTE | ||
Transport, freight, lorry 3.5–7.5 metric tons | 103.6 (2.07 Mg × 50 km) | tkm |
RECOVERY—PROCESSING OF BULKY WASTE AND SEPARATION OF THE WOOD FRACTION (shredding, magnetic separation, ballistic separation, cutting, stirring, pressing) | ||
Electricity, low voltage (electricity mix for Europe) | 2455.5 | kWh |
RECYCLING—FABRICATION OF SECONDARY WOODEN BLOCKS (shredding, homogenization of the structure of the material, stirring and pressing together with additives) | ||
Secondary wood, separated from bulky waste (burden free) | 817.0 | kg |
Maize starch | 44.9 | kg |
Tap water | 95.6 | kg |
Electricity, low voltage (electricity mix for Europe) | 2663.3 | kWh |
DISTRIBUTION OF SECONDARY WOODEN BLOCKS | ||
Transport, freight, lorry 7.5–16 metric tons | 95.8 (0.958 Mg × 100 km) | tkm |
Life Cycle of the Secondary Wooden Blocks –Baseline Scenario (Cut Off) (% Vertically) | The Most Relevant Impact Categories | Life Cycle Stages (% Horizontally) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transport of Bulky Waste | Recovery—Processing of Bulky Waste | Recycling—Fabrication of Wooden Blocks | Distribution of Wooden Blocks | ||
24.0% | Resource use, fossils | 22.6% | 24.6% | 23.6% | 22.6% |
23.9% | Climate change | 35.1% | 23.7% | 23.5% | 35.0% |
13.3% | Eutrophication, freshwater | 1.9% | 13.9% | 13.3% | 1.5% |
11.8% | Resource use, minerals, and metals | 6.5% | 12.1% | 11.9% | 4.7% |
6.0% | Ionizing radiation | 0.4% | 6.4% | 6.0% | 0.3% |
5.4% | Acidification | 4.3% | 5.4% | 5.5% | 4.4% |
3.1% | Particulate matter | 11.0% | 2.7% | 3.1% | 12.9% |
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Generowicz, A.; Gronba-Chyła, A.; Godula, P.; Kulczycka, J.; Lewandowska, A.; Dorosz, A.; Ciuła, J.; Kwaśnicki, P. Assessment of the Possibility of Implementing a Circular Economy by Environmental Evaluating the Life Cycle of Products Derived from Bulky Municipal Waste. Sustainability 2025, 17, 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083377
Generowicz A, Gronba-Chyła A, Godula P, Kulczycka J, Lewandowska A, Dorosz A, Ciuła J, Kwaśnicki P. Assessment of the Possibility of Implementing a Circular Economy by Environmental Evaluating the Life Cycle of Products Derived from Bulky Municipal Waste. Sustainability. 2025; 17(8):3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083377
Chicago/Turabian StyleGenerowicz, Agnieszka, Anna Gronba-Chyła, Piotr Godula, Joanna Kulczycka, Anna Lewandowska, Aneta Dorosz, Józef Ciuła, and Paweł Kwaśnicki. 2025. "Assessment of the Possibility of Implementing a Circular Economy by Environmental Evaluating the Life Cycle of Products Derived from Bulky Municipal Waste" Sustainability 17, no. 8: 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083377
APA StyleGenerowicz, A., Gronba-Chyła, A., Godula, P., Kulczycka, J., Lewandowska, A., Dorosz, A., Ciuła, J., & Kwaśnicki, P. (2025). Assessment of the Possibility of Implementing a Circular Economy by Environmental Evaluating the Life Cycle of Products Derived from Bulky Municipal Waste. Sustainability, 17(8), 3377. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083377