Sustainable Tourism Development in Mountain Regions: A Case Study of Peștera Village, Brasov County, Applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process

Abstract

This study applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the priority criteria for sustainable tourism development in Peștera Village, focusing on six essential areas: Environmental Sustainability, Economic Benefits, Cultural and Social Preservation, Infrastructure and Accessibility, Tourism Experience and Satisfaction, and Policy and Regulation Compliance. The AHP analysis demonstrated that Environmental Sustainability emerged as the top priority, emphasizing the need for tourism practices that preserve the village’s natural environment and ecosystems. Economic Benefits closely followed, highlighting the community’s recognition of tourism as a crucial driver for local economic growth, job creation, and income generation. The combination of these two criteria indicates a clear alignment between ecological preservation and the village’s economic aspirations, which are both fundamental to achieving long-term sustainable development. This research contributes to an improved understanding of sustainable practices in mountain tourism, offering insights applicable to similar tourism regions. By aligning environmental, economic, and cultural priorities, this study supports the development of comprehensive policies aimed at fostering resilience and sustainability in mountain tourism destinations worldwide.

1. Introduction

1.1. Problem Statement

Sustainable tourism has become an increasingly important topic in the context of global environmental, social, and economic changes [1]. Mountain regions, in particular, face distinct challenges due to their fragile ecosystems [2], unique cultural landscapes, and often underdeveloped infrastructure. Tourism in these areas can provide significant economic opportunities for local communities, but only if managed sustainably to balance environmental conservation with economic growth and social well-being. Globally, sustainable tourism in mountain regions is recognized as a key strategy for ensuring the long-term viability of these environments, fostering local economic development, and preserving cultural heritage [3].

Romania’s mountain regions, including Peștera Village in Brașov County, are exemplary cases where tourism has the potential to act as an engine of economic growth. Peștera, situated in the Piatra Craiului National Park, boasts significant natural and cultural tourism resources. However, this unique landscape also faces pressures from growing tourist demand, requiring a sustainable tourism model that protects the environment, preserves local culture, and ensures long-term economic benefits for the community. Sustainable tourism in Romania’s mountain regions, particularly in Peștera Village, is thus critical for maintaining the balance between development and conservation.

While offering economic benefits, mountain tourism can lead to serious environmental, economic, and social challenges if not properly managed [4]. In mountain areas like Peștera, increased tourism can result in environmental degradation, such as deforestation, habitat disruption, and pollution, undermining the natural resources that attract tourists. Additionally, the economic benefits of tourism are often unevenly distributed, with local communities sometimes marginalized from the financial gains [5]. Social impacts, including the erosion of local cultural identity and the over-commercialization of traditional practices, are also significant concerns. To address these challenges, there is an urgent need to prioritize sustainable practices in mountain tourism that balance environmental sustainability, economic benefits, and cultural preservation [6]. While mountain tourism can drive economic growth, without a framework that emphasizes sustainability, the long-term viability of these regions remains uncertain. This is particularly pressing in Peștera, where the natural and cultural assets are both the main drivers of tourism and the most vulnerable to its negative impacts.

1.2. Research Gap

Despite the growing body of literature on sustainable tourism, there is limited research that specifically addresses sustainable practices in Romania’s mountain regions. While many studies focus on sustainability in tourism at a global or national level [7,8,9,10], few examine the particularities of mountain tourism in Romania, especially through the lens of decision-making tools like the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The AHP is a valuable methodology for prioritizing multiple criteria in complex decision-making environments, such as tourism development in ecologically sensitive areas [11,12]. The application of AHP in Romanian mountain tourism is underexplored, leaving a gap in the understanding of how to systematically prioritize sustainable practices that align with local economic and environmental goals.

1.3. Research Objectives

Our research has both academic and practical significance. From an academic perspective, it contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable tourism by addressing the specific context of mountain regions in Romania. The use of the AHP methodology in this study offers a novel approach to evaluating and prioritizing sustainable tourism practices, providing a structured framework for decision-making in tourism development. Furthermore, by focusing on Peștera Village, this study sheds light on the unique challenges and opportunities of sustainable tourism in ecologically sensitive mountain areas, filling an important gap in the existing research.

From a practical standpoint, this research has direct implications for tourism development, policymaking, and the local economy. Sustainable development in mountain areas is a major challenge, especially in the context of global economic and social changes [13]. Tourism, when managed responsibly, can offer a viable solution for economic growth in these regions [14]. Accommodation owners, as key stakeholders in mountain tourism, have the potential to influence local development through the services they offer and their involvement in community initiatives [15]. By identifying priority sustainability criteria and proposing actionable strategies, this study provides valuable insights for local policymakers, tourism authorities, and accommodation providers in Peștera and similar mountain regions.

The proposed strategies focus on integrating environmental conservation with economic development and cultural heritage preservation. This integrated approach will ensure that Peștera can fully leverage its tourism potential while maintaining its natural and cultural assets, ultimately contributing to the sustainable economic development of the region. This research thus serves as a guide for future policymaking and strategic planning in mountain tourism, offering a roadmap for balancing growth with sustainability in vulnerable yet valuable mountain ecosystems.

1.4. Contextual Overview of the Research Area

Peștera Village is located in the picturesque Brasov County, nestled within the Carpathian Mountains of central Romania. The Carpathian range is known for its rugged terrain, rich biodiversity, and striking natural beauty, which makes Peștera Village a significant point of interest for both locals and tourists. The village lies at an altitude that allows for stunning panoramic views of the surrounding hills and forests, positioning it as an ideal destination for eco-tourism, hiking, and cultural exploration. Situated in the southeastern part of the county, approximately 20 km north of the town of Zarnesti, and 35 km from the well-known city of Brasov, the village is part of the Piatra Craiului National Park, a protected area renowned for its cliffs, diverse fauna, and rich flora. The Carpathian Mountains, which form part of the greater Central European Mountain chain, create a distinct landscape with natural caves, valleys, and forests that contribute to the village’s natural charm [16].

The village is home to a small, close-knit community with a rich cultural heritage. The population of Peștera has historically been engaged in agriculture, livestock farming, and traditional crafts. The villagers are known for preserving their customs and traditions, which can be observed in local festivals, folk art, and daily life. The rural lifestyle remains prominent, although the area has seen an influx of tourists in recent years, attracted by its natural beauty and cultural assets. Peștera is surrounded by some of the most outstanding natural resources in Romania, including the Piatra Craiului National Park. This park is famous for its biodiversity, including rare species of plants and animals, as well as its scenic mountain views. The village is also near the Zarnesti Gorge, a popular natural landmark attracting climbers and hikers. Additionally, Peștera’s proximity to the famous Bran Castle (often linked with the Dracula legend) and other historical sites makes it a potential gateway for cultural tourism. The local cultural resources are also significant, as the village maintains traditional wooden architecture, local folklore, and artisanal crafts that the inhabitants still practice. These cultural elements provide a window into Romania’s rural traditions and offer opportunities for cultural tourism and heritage preservation [17].

To enhance the reader’s understanding of Peștera Village’s geographical setting, we have included a detailed map that illustrates its position within Romania. This visual representation helps contextualize the village’s location within Brasov County and its surrounding landscape (See Figure 1 and Figure 2).

Peștera Village, nestled in the Carpathian Mountains and bordering Piatra Craiului National Park, is deeply connected to a range of vital ecosystem services that benefit both the environment and the local community. The park, renowned as a biodiversity hotspot, shelters rare and endangered species like lynx, brown bears, and chamois, while supporting ecological balance and genetic diversity. Its forests play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, helping reduce greenhouse gasses, and contribute to cleaner air by filtering pollutants. The park’s dense vegetation also stabilizes soil, preventing erosion and landslides, while regulating water flow to reduce flooding risks and ensure a consistent supply of fresh water for surrounding areas. Beyond environmental benefits, the region supports traditional livelihoods through the sustainable harvesting of resources like timber, medicinal plants, honey, and wild berries, which provide both economic stability and cultural significance. The park also serves as a hub for outdoor recreation, drawing visitors who seek activities such as hiking, wildlife observation, and exploring the natural beauty of the area. These experiences not only boost the well-being of visitors but also drive local economic growth through responsible tourism. Furthermore, Piatra Craiului functions as an open-air classroom, offering opportunities for environmental education and scientific research, while its landscapes hold spiritual and cultural value for local communities, preserving a rich heritage deeply intertwined with the natural surroundings. To ensure the long-term preservation of these ecosystem services, sustainable eco-tourism practices must be prioritized. This involves reducing environmental impacts, conserving natural habitats, and fostering environmental awareness among tourists and locals alike. Striking a balance between tourism development, conservation, and community participation is key to maintaining the ecological integrity and cultural richness of this remarkable region.

2. Theoretical Framework: Sustainability Principles

2.1. Global Perspectives on Sustainability and Tourism

Sustainable development encompasses a multidimensional approach that balances economic growth, environmental protection, and the preservation of cultural and social values. These principles are often structured around three fundamental pillars: planet (environmental sustainability), people (socio-cultural factors), and prosperity (economic progress). Recently, frameworks have expanded to highlight the importance of peace (institutional stability) and partnership (collaborative governance), underlining the significance of cooperation and effective governance in achieving sustainable outcomes.

In the context of rural tourism, the global emphasis on eco-tourism and cultural preservation offers valuable lessons. Destinations such as the Alps in Europe, the Andes in South America, and the Himalayan region showcase how local communities can protect their natural and cultural assets while fostering sustainable tourism [18]. These examples highlight the increasing demand from travelers for environmentally and culturally responsible experiences, a trend that has implications for rural destinations like Peștera Village. As part of this broader global movement, Peștera can draw upon these examples to create tourism initiatives that align with sustainable development goals [18].

2.2. Environmental Sustainability in Peștera Village

Peștera Village lies within the Carpathian Mountains, a region renowned for its ecological richness, and is located near Piatra Craiului National Park. This area is a biodiversity hotspot, supporting a range of rare and endangered species such as lynx, brown bears, and chamois. The park also delivers vital ecosystem services, including carbon storage, soil stabilization, and water regulation, which benefit both the local community and the broader environment.

Sustaining these ecosystem services requires the adoption of eco-tourism practices, such as preserving habitats, minimizing the environmental impact of tourism activities, and raising awareness among visitors and locals about environmental stewardship [19]. The park further contributes to traditional livelihoods through activities like sustainable resource harvesting, including timber, medicinal plants, and wild berries. These resources provide both economic stability and cultural significance for the community. Moreover, the park supports recreational activities such as hiking and wildlife observation, which not only attract visitors but also stimulate the local economy.

2.3. Preserving Socio-Cultural Heritage

The socio-cultural dimension of sustainability emphasizes the importance of protecting local traditions, heritage, and community cohesion. Peștera Village boasts a rich cultural legacy, evident in its traditional crafts, folk art, and festivals, all of which reflect the region’s historical and cultural identity. However, increased tourism activity presents a challenge to maintaining the authenticity of these practices. Sustainable tourism efforts must focus on involving the local community, ensuring tourism initiatives provide benefits to residents while preserving cultural expressions [18]. Enhancing education and building local capacity can further strengthen the community’s ability to manage tourism sustainably. Examples include maintaining traditional architecture, supporting cultural festivals, and embedding heritage into tourism experiences, all of which help safeguard the village’s cultural identity.

2.4. Economic Sustainability and Collaborative Efforts

Economic sustainability in Peștera Village involves creating avenues for local economic growth that are viable over the long term. Tourism has introduced diverse income sources, including eco-lodges, guesthouses, and artisanal products. To ensure the benefits are distributed equitably, it is critical to support local entrepreneurs, establish robust supply chains, and diversify income streams to reduce reliance on seasonal tourism. Reinvesting tourism revenues into local infrastructure can also improve the quality of life for residents while enhancing visitor experiences.

Achieving sustainable development goals requires partnerships at multiple levels. Collaborative efforts among local businesses, conservation groups, policymakers, and international organizations can help align resources and objectives. These partnerships foster innovation, encourage the exchange of knowledge, and promote best practices in sustainable tourism, strengthening the village’s ability to meet its sustainability targets.

2.5. Sustainability in Practice: Peștera Village as a Model

By integrating environmental, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions with governance and partnerships, Peștera Village is well-positioned to embrace sustainable tourism practices. Key initiatives could include the following:

• Environmental measures: introducing protected zones, promoting eco-friendly accommodations, and encouraging low-impact activities such as hiking and wildlife observation.
• Cultural preservation: sustaining local festivals, protecting traditional architecture, and incorporating cultural narratives into tourism experiences.
• Economic development: investing in infrastructure while maintaining the natural landscape, incentivizing small businesses, and offering off-season activities to diversify tourism opportunities.

A comprehensive approach to sustainability will enable Peștera Village to align its tourism development strategies with broader goals, presenting a model for how mountain tourism can successfully integrate the principles of planet, people, prosperity, peace, and partnership.

3. Methodology

3.1. Mapping the Romanian Tourism Cluster and Analyzing Accommodation Potential: Insights into Sustainable Development in Peștera

This research utilized a comprehensive methodology that integrated bibliometric analysis, a structured questionnaire, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to identify and propose sustainable strategies for economic and tourism development in Peștera Village, Brașov County. The approach allowed for a systematic examination of relevant issues and facilitated the formulation of actionable recommendations based on empirical data. The research design followed a multi-phase approach, beginning with a bibliometric analysis to map the existing literature on sustainable tourism in Romania, particularly in mountain regions. This analysis provided a theoretical framework for understanding the current state of research and identifying gaps in the literature. Subsequently, a structured survey was conducted targeting hostel and accommodation structure owners in Peștera Village, aimed at collecting insights on their perspectives regarding sustainable tourism practices and challenges.

The analysis of accommodation capacity in the Peștera locality serves as a fundamental element in the current research. This assessment enables the identification of available resources and the tourism potential of the region, providing crucial insights into the dynamics of the local tourism sector. By understanding the existing accommodation facilities, we can better gauge the overall readiness of the area to cater to increasing tourist demands and preferences. Through a comparative analysis of accommodation capacity from the years 2018 and 2024, our objective is to highlight key development trends and adaptations in response to changing tourist expectations. This analysis will also underscore the importance of implementing sustainable practices within the sector, as tourism increasingly prioritizes environmental responsibility. The findings will significantly influence the formulation of effective strategies aimed at fostering economic growth and tourism development in the region, all while considering the opinions and perspectives of accommodation providers, which are vital for a comprehensive understanding of the local landscape. In this way, the analysis not only contributes to a better understanding of the current state of tourism infrastructure but also aids in the development of actionable recommendations based on concrete data. These recommendations will be essential for promoting the sustainable development of tourism in mountainous regions, ensuring that both the economic benefits and environmental integrity are preserved for future generations.

In 2018, the accommodation capacity in the Peștera locality reflected a well-developed and diversified tourism infrastructure, specifically tailored to meet the varying needs of visitors. The 15 existing guesthouses and hotels offered a broad spectrum of accommodation options, catering to different budgets and preferences. Ranging from cozy, smaller units ideal for couples and solo travelers to larger guesthouses equipped with comprehensive amenities, the local accommodations aimed to enhance the overall visitor experience.

For the year 2024, the accommodation capacity in the Peștera locality demonstrates a significant evolution compared to previous years, highlighting the impressive growth and modernization of the tourism infrastructure. This transformation is indicative of the increasing demand for quality accommodation, driven by a surge in tourist interest and changing visitor preferences. The updated table reflects not only the expansion of existing units—such as guesthouses and hotels—but also the emergence of new accommodation options designed to meet the diverse needs of contemporary travelers. These new establishments are equipped with modern amenities and tailored services, catering to a wide range of visitors, including families, adventure seekers, and eco-tourists. These data provide valuable insights into the ongoing development of the tourism sector in this region, illustrating how Peștera is evolving into a more attractive destination. Furthermore, it highlights the community’s adaptability and commitment to enhancing the overall visitor experience while maintaining the unique charm of the area.

The accommodation capacity in 2024 indicates a clear expansion and diversification of the tourism offerings in the Peștera locality. This growth is not merely a numerical increase; it represents the culmination of strategic investments in infrastructure and an effective tourism promotion strategy. By enhancing the quality and variety of accommodations available, Peștera is positioned to remain competitive within the national tourism landscape. The information presented in this table is essential for understanding the positive impact of tourism development on the local community and the region’s economy. This growth not only creates jobs and stimulates local businesses but also fosters a sense of pride among residents, as they see their community thrive as a destination for both local and international visitors. Ultimately, this progress paves the way for sustainable tourism practices that will benefit future generations.

The analysis of accommodation capacity in the Peștera locality is essential for understanding the evolution of tourism infrastructure in recent years. As the region has experienced a notable increase in tourist demand, driven by its natural beauty and cultural attractions, the accommodation units in the area have not only adapted but also significantly expanded their offerings. This growth has been crucial in attracting a diverse range of visitors, from adventure seekers to families looking for a serene getaway. The ongoing development of local businesses and infrastructure has further bolstered the area’s appeal, creating a positive feedback loop that supports both tourism and the local economy. The chart below (See Figure 3) provides a comparative analysis of the accommodation capacity of guesthouses and hotels in the locality for the years 2018 and 2024. It visually highlights key development trends, such as the increase in the number of rooms and available facilities, which indicate a response to changing visitor preferences and expectations. Additionally, it shows significant changes in the types of accommodation available, reflecting the region’s commitment to enhancing the overall tourist experience. By analyzing these trends, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into the growth potential of the tourism sector, which is vital for strategic planning and sustainable development in Peștera.

The analysis of the graph reveals a significant increase in accommodation capacity in the Peștera locality between the years 2018 and 2024. This evolution underscores the considerable tourism potential of the area and emphasizes the necessity of continued investments in accommodation infrastructure to meet the ever-expanding demand from visitors. As indicated by the graph and the accompanying tables, there is a noticeable difference in the number of guesthouses and hotels operating in the region. While we do not have specific values for the year 2018, their absence has been intentionally left out to highlight the positive trends observed in the growth of accommodations over the studied period. This increase in capacity is indicative of a strategic response to changing tourist preferences, with new establishments offering modern amenities and diverse experiences that cater to a wide range of visitors. The positive trajectory in accommodation development not only enhances the overall tourism offering but also plays a vital role in the economic growth of the local community. As more visitors are attracted to Peștera, local businesses stand to benefit from increased patronage, leading to job creation and greater economic activity in the area. Moreover, a thriving tourism sector enhances the region’s profile as a desirable destination, encouraging further investment and development [20]. By bolstering infrastructure and improving the quality of accommodations, Peștera can position itself as a competitive player in the national tourism landscape. Ultimately, the growth in accommodation capacity not only enriches the visitor experience but also fosters a sustainable economic environment, ensuring that the benefits of tourism development are felt by the entire community while preserving the region’s unique cultural and natural heritage [21].

The Romanian tourism sector has garnered significant academic and practical attention over the past decade due to its role in driving economic development and cultural preservation. To better understand the dynamics of this sector, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on 38 of the most cited scholarly works published in the last 10 years, sourced from the Google Scholar platform. These works were selected based on their citation count, reflecting their influence and relevance in the field [22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59]. By employing bibliometric techniques [60], this study seeks to identify key themes, trends, and research clusters within Romanian tourism. The analysis is structured around a visual representation, or cluster, of the most critical topics shaping the discourse on Romanian tourism, which provides valuable insights into the evolving priorities and perspectives in the field and includes the following:

• Competitiveness and Potential: These nodes, colored in shades of red and orange, reflect a strong emphasis on Romania’s tourism potential and the competitiveness of its regional offerings. Studies in this area [26,36,40,43] often explore how Romanian destinations can stand out in an increasingly globalized tourism market, focusing on local resources, cultural heritage, and sustainable practices.
• Tourism Dynamics and Analysis: On the right side of the graph, the blue-green cluster highlights the importance of analysis, perspective, and dynamics within the tourism sector. This indicates a scholarly interest in understanding the factors driving change in the industry, such as shifts in tourist preferences, market trends, and policy impacts. These studies also tend to offer forward-looking perspectives, aiming to forecast future developments [25,28,29,35,39].
• Environment and Accessibility: The graph also highlights the significant role of environment and accessibility, illustrated in green and purple tones, respectively. Research in this domain often addresses how Romania’s natural landscapes, particularly in rural and mountainous areas, are integrated into the tourism experience. Accessibility, as an adjacent node, suggests that scholars are particularly interested in the infrastructure and policies needed to enhance tourist access to remote or less-developed regions [22,30,44].
• Cultural Context and Local Impact: The interplay between context, local culture, and competitiveness highlights the importance of Romania’s unique cultural and historical assets in shaping its tourism profile. The local dimension, both in terms of economic impact and cultural preservation, is a recurrent theme, suggesting that much of the tourism literature emphasizes place-based strategies to drive development [38,46].
• Necessity of Innovation: Lastly, the node associated with innovation underscores the recognized need for technological and strategic advancements in Romania’s tourism sector. This includes leveraging digital tools, improving service quality, and adapting to global tourism trends to ensure long-term sustainability and competitiveness [28,33].

This investigation into the Romanian tourism cluster, supported by cutting-edge bibliometric tools, offers a comprehensive view of the academic landscape, highlighting the interplay between sustainability, competitiveness, innovation, and regional development in Romania’s tourism industry (See Figure 4).

The bibliometric graph generated with the VOSviewer program (https://app.vosviewer.com/, accessed on 24 September 2024) from the analysis provides a visual mapping of the most interconnected themes in Romanian tourism research. At the center of this cluster, “Romanian tourism” stands as the focal point, around which the various subtopics are organized, showcasing their relative significance and interconnectivity. The size of each node reflects the volume of attention each concept has received in the literature, while the connections (edges) indicate the degree of association between the topics.

This bibliometric analysis of 38 key works published over the last decade provides a comprehensive snapshot of the dominant research trends in Romanian tourism. By examining these publications, we can identify emerging themes and patterns that characterize the current state of tourism research in the country. The analysis reveals a significant focus on the intersection between competitiveness, sustainability, local impact, and accessibility, highlighting how these elements are intertwined in shaping the future of the tourism sector. For instance, the emphasis on competitiveness reflects the necessity for Romanian tourism to adapt to global market trends and consumer preferences, while sustainability points to a growing awareness of the environmental and social implications of tourism activities. Furthermore, the local impact aspect emphasizes the importance of engaging local communities in tourism development, ensuring that the benefits of tourism are equitably distributed. Accessibility is another critical theme, as it addresses the need for inclusive tourism practices that cater to diverse visitor demographics. Collectively, these findings underscore the sector’s vital role in regional development, demonstrating how a well-managed tourism industry can contribute to economic growth, job creation, and cultural exchange.

As the tourism industry continues to evolve in response to global challenges—such as climate change, economic shifts, and the ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic—these insights can serve as a valuable foundation for guiding future research and informing policy decisions [61]. Policymakers and stakeholders can leverage this knowledge to implement strategies that strengthen Romania’s position in the competitive global tourism market. By prioritizing sustainable practices, enhancing local community involvement, and improving accessibility, Romania can create a more resilient and attractive tourism sector that not only meets the needs of today’s travelers but also preserves its unique cultural and natural resources for future generations. Ultimately, this bibliometric analysis not only captures the current trends but also paves the way for strategic planning and innovation in Romanian tourism, positioning the country as a dynamic player on the international stage.

The table below (see

Table 1. Development strategies based on key themes in the Romanian Tourism Cluster.

Key Theme	Development Strategies
Competitiveness and Potential	Strengthening regional tourism brands and promotion.
	Building partnerships with local businesses and international markets.
	Diversifying tourism offerings to attract niche markets such as eco-tourism, agro-tourism, and cultural tourism.
Tourism Dynamics and Analysis	Implementing data-driven tourism policies using analytical tools and metrics.
	Creating a centralized database for visitor trends and behavior analysis.
	Regularly updating tourism reports to monitor sector performance.
Environment and Accessibility	Improving infrastructure such as road networks, public transportation, and green spaces.
	Promoting sustainable tourism practices to protect natural resources.
	Integrating eco-friendly initiatives like renewable energy and waste reduction in tourism facilities.
Cultural Context and Local Impact	Fostering community-based tourism projects to empower residents.
	Supporting traditional craftsmanship and cultural heritage activities as part of tourism experiences.
	Facilitating cultural exchanges and events to showcase local traditions and customs.
Necessity of Innovation	Introducing digital technologies such as virtual tours, smart tourism apps, and online booking systems.
	Encouraging innovation in accommodation, services, and experiences within the tourism sector.
	Developing collaborative platforms for sharing best practices and innovative ideas among tourism stakeholders.

Source: authors’ processing based on the data from the bibliometric analysis interpretation.

) presents development strategies derived from a comprehensive analysis of the key themes emerging from the bibliometric cluster of Romanian tourism, providing a clearer visualization and better understanding of the development strategies emerging from the bibliometric cluster of Romanian tourism. This analysis was conducted by reviewing 38 scholarly works selected based on their citation count over the past decade on Google Scholar. The key themes identified from this analysis reflect crucial areas for the growth and sustainability of tourism in Romania, particularly in the mountainous regions. The strategies included in the table aim to enhance economic development, promote sustainable practices, and increase the competitiveness of the Romanian tourism sector, providing a structured framework for future action.

The strategies outlined in the table serve as a comprehensive roadmap for enhancing tourism development within Romania’s mountainous regions. By concentrating on critical themes such as competitiveness, environmental sustainability, cultural heritage, and innovation, stakeholders—including local government, tourism operators, and community organizations—can collaborate effectively to build a more resilient and attractive tourism ecosystem. Fostering competitiveness involves identifying unique selling points and differentiating Romania’s mountain destinations in the global tourism market [62]. By promoting the distinct natural beauty and cultural richness of regions like Peștera Village, stakeholders can attract diverse tourist segments seeking authentic and immersive experiences.

Environmental sustainability remains a core component of these strategies, emphasizing the necessity of preserving the delicate ecosystems that underpin mountain tourism. This includes adopting practices such as responsible waste management, conservation of local biodiversity, and promoting eco-friendly accommodations. Implementing these sustainable practices will not only mitigate the negative impacts of tourism but also enhance the attractiveness of these regions to eco-conscious travelers [63].

Cultural heritage preservation is another vital aspect, as it enriches the visitor experience while fostering community pride and identity. Strategies aimed at promoting local traditions, crafts, and cuisines can provide tourists with authentic experiences that celebrate the region’s unique cultural tapestry. Involving local communities in tourism initiatives ensures that they reap the economic benefits of tourism while safeguarding their heritage.

Moreover, innovation plays a crucial role in modernizing the tourism sector and improving the overall visitor experience [64]. Embracing new technologies, such as digital marketing, online booking systems, and visitor management tools, can enhance operational efficiency and improve access to information for tourists. These innovations can also facilitate better communication between stakeholders and help tailor offerings to meet the evolving preferences of travelers.

Implementing these strategies will not only drive economic growth but also ensure that tourism development is balanced, inclusive, and beneficial for both local communities and visitors. By prioritizing the integration of local insights, sustainable practices, and innovative technologies, Romania can position itself as a leading destination in the competitive global tourism market. This holistic approach fosters a tourism model that promotes long-term viability, ensuring that the beauty and cultural richness of Romania’s mountainous regions can be enjoyed by future generations while supporting the livelihoods of residents. Through collaborative efforts, Romania can achieve a sustainable tourism framework that celebrates its unique attributes and meets the needs of both visitors and the communities they engage with.

3.2. Survey Methodology

A comprehensive survey was conducted to explore the sustainable tourism practices of accommodation providers in Peștera Village. A total of 128 respondents participated in the study, encompassing owners and managers of a wide range of accommodations, including hostels, guesthouses, and bed-and-breakfasts. These respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique, designed to ensure a representative cross-section of the local tourism sector. By including both small, family-run establishments and larger accommodation providers, the survey captured a diverse range of perspectives, enabling a nuanced understanding of sustainable tourism practices.

The selection process was grounded in a thorough review of the official registry of accommodation within the village, ensuring an accurate representation of the local tourism landscape. The minimum sample size was determined using statistical significance calculations while accounting for logistical constraints such as response rates and resource availability. With 128 complete responses, the sample size exceeded the threshold required for reliable and meaningful analysis. To mitigate potential biases, accommodation from various geographic areas within the village were included, ensuring diversity in the perspectives captured.

Survey Design and Execution

The survey instrument was meticulously designed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data, offering a holistic understanding of sustainable tourism practices. The questionnaire included the following key components:

• Structured format: the questionnaire was divided into sections, each addressing a specific dimension of sustainability, such as environmental practices, economic challenges, and cultural preservation.
• Likert scale questions: respondents rated the importance of various sustainable practices on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important). This facilitated quantitative analysis of perceptions and priorities.
• Open-ended questions: these allowed respondents to articulate challenges, share personal insights, and propose recommendations, providing a rich source of qualitative data.
• Multiple choice questions: focused on identifying specific sustainable practices currently implemented, planned for future adoption, or perceived as most impactful.

To ensure clarity, relevance, and validity, the questionnaire was pre-tested with a pilot group of local accommodation owners. Feedback from the pilot study led to refinements in the phrasing of questions and the inclusion of additional options in multiple-choice sections, enhancing the reliability of the survey.

This research was conducted with strict adherence to ethical guidelines to ensure the protection of participants’ rights and privacy. All participants in the survey—hostel and accommodation structure owners from Peștera Village—were informed about the purpose of this study, their role in it, and the voluntary nature of their participation. In line with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), participants’ data were handled with the highest level of confidentiality [65,66]. No personally identifiable information (PII) was collected or disclosed at any stage of the research process [67]. Participants were provided with clear information regarding this study, and their informed consent was obtained before they completed the survey. They were given the option to withdraw from this study at any point, without any consequences. Data collected were anonymized to ensure that individual responses could not be traced back to any specific participant.

The analysis and reporting of the findings were conducted in a manner that respects the privacy and confidentiality of the respondents, ensuring that no sensitive or identifiable information was revealed in the publication of the results.

3.3. AHP Methodology

Based on the results of the questionnaire, we have identified six criteria used for the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis that effectively captures the most relevant aspects of sustainable tourism. These criteria are crucial not only for fostering economic growth but also for enhancing the tourism sector in mountainous regions. Each criterion reflects key elements necessary for achieving a balanced approach to tourism development, ensuring that economic benefits are realized without compromising the environmental integrity and cultural heritage of these unique areas. By systematically evaluating these criteria, we can better understand their interrelationships and significance in promoting sustainable practices [68]. Moreover, the findings could underscore the importance of a holistic framework that considers local communities, environmental conservation, and economic viability. This integrated approach is essential for developing effective strategies that support both the economy and tourism in mountain regions, ultimately contributing to their long-term resilience and sustainability.

• Tourism Experience and Satisfaction—This criterion reflects how sustainable practices affect the overall tourism experience, ensuring that visitors have high-quality experiences that align with sustainability goals. Sub-criteria examples included the following: quality of eco-tourism services, nature-based activities, visitor education about local environmental and cultural conservation efforts, promotion of off-season tourism to reduce pressure on natural resources, and enhancing tourist satisfaction through responsible travel practices.
• Infrastructure and Accessibility—This criterion examines the quality and sustainability of the infrastructure supporting tourism, including transportation, accommodation, and basic services, while ensuring minimal environmental disruption. Sub-criteria examples included the following: eco-friendly infrastructure (green buildings), sustainable transport options (low-impact vehicles, bike rentals), improving road access in a way that minimizes environmental impact, and availability of clean water and waste disposal services.
• Economic Benefits—This criterion measures how tourism development supports the local economy, creates jobs, and contributes to sustainable economic growth for the village and surrounding areas. Sub-criteria examples included the following: creation of local jobs, use of local suppliers and products, increase in income for local businesses, contribution to tax revenue for local authorities, and fostering entrepreneurship among locals.
• Environmental Sustainability—This criterion evaluates the impact of tourism activities and accommodations on the environment, with a focus on preserving the natural beauty and ecosystems of the mountain region. Sub-criteria examples included the following: energy efficiency (use of renewable energy), waste management (recycling programs), water conservation, minimizing carbon footprint, and protecting local biodiversity.
• Cultural and Social Preservation—This criterion assesses how tourism activities and accommodations respect and help preserve the local culture, traditions, and social fabric of the community. Sub-criteria examples included the following: promotion of local cultural heritage, involvement of the community in tourism activities, fostering traditional crafts and practices, respect for local customs, and encouraging interaction between tourists and locals.
• Policy and Regulation Compliance—This criterion evaluates the extent to which accommodation structures adhere to national and local regulations on sustainability, tourism management, and environmental protection. Sub-criteria examples included the following: compliance with environmental protection laws, adherence to zoning regulations, implementation of sustainable tourism certifications (e.g., eco-labels), and participation in governmental or NGO sustainability programs.

The Rationale for the Criteria Choosing

The selection of criteria for evaluating sustainable tourism in mountain regions is essential to ensure that tourism development benefits both local communities and the environment [69]. Mountain regions, in particular, are characterized by fragile ecosystems where the natural landscape forms the foundation of their tourism appeal. As such, environmental sustainability becomes especially critical in preserving these ecosystems for future generations [70]. Equally important is ensuring that tourism generates economic benefits for the local economy in a sustainable manner, particularly in smaller villages where long-term viability is a priority. Tourism must support local livelihoods without becoming extractive or economically exploitative.

In addition to environmental and economic considerations, cultural and social preservation plays a key role in maintaining the unique identity of these communities [71]. Tourism should avoid disrupting the local social fabric and instead focus on protecting and celebrating the area’s heritage. Infrastructure and accessibility must also be balanced with the need to maintain the region’s environmental integrity, providing necessary amenities for tourists while minimizing disruption to natural areas. Furthermore, ensuring a high-quality tourism experience and visitor satisfaction is essential for the sustainability of the industry, as responsible and enjoyable experiences foster repeat visits and positive word-of-mouth. Lastly, compliance with policies and regulations is crucial to ensure that tourism practices align with legal standards, prevent over-tourism, and promote long-term sustainability.

These six AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) criteria—environmental sustainability, economic benefits, cultural and social preservation, infrastructure and accessibility, tourism experience and satisfaction, and policy and regulation compliance—are chosen to capture the most relevant aspects of sustainable tourism. They offer a comprehensive framework to guide the development of tourism in mountain regions in a way that ensures positive outcomes for both the environment and local communities (See

Table 2. AHP criteria in evaluating sustainable tourism in mountain regions.

Main AHP Criteria	Description	Rationale for Choosing These Criteria
Tourism Experience and Satisfaction	Evaluates how sustainable practices influence the quality of the tourist experience and satisfaction with eco-tourism.	A high-quality tourism experience that aligns with sustainability goals helps maintain a steady demand for responsible travel in the region.
Infrastructure and Accessibility	Examines the quality and sustainability of tourism-related infrastructure and access, minimizing environmental impact.	Ensuring that tourism infrastructure is sustainable and accessible is vital for long-term tourism development while minimizing disruption to natural areas.
Economic Benefits	Measures the contribution of tourism to the local economy, job creation, and income for local businesses.	Sustainable tourism should support local economic growth without causing over-dependence or economic exploitation.
Environmental Sustainability	Evaluates the impact of tourism on the environment, focusing on preserving natural beauty and ecosystems.	Mountain regions have fragile ecosystems, and preserving the natural environment is crucial for sustainable tourism development.
Cultural and Social Preservation	Assesses how tourism supports the preservation of local culture, traditions, and community engagement.	Tourism must protect and respect the local culture and social fabric to maintain the village’s unique identity and social cohesion.
Policy and Regulation Compliance	Evaluates adherence to sustainability regulations and certifications, ensuring legal and responsible tourism practices.	Compliance with local and national regulations ensures that tourism development aligns with broader sustainability goals and avoids over-tourism issues.

Source: authors’ processing based on the data interpretation.

).

The six criteria presented in this table provide a holistic approach to assessing sustainable tourism in mountain regions. Environmental sustainability, economic benefits, cultural and social preservation, infrastructure and accessibility, tourism experience and satisfaction, and policy and regulation compliance are all essential factors in promoting long-term success. Each criterion contributes to a balanced strategy that encourages responsible tourism while minimizing adverse impacts. By carefully considering these factors, stakeholders can make informed decisions that support the growth of tourism in a way that is both sustainable and beneficial to the local economy, culture, and environment.

3.4. Data Collection and Analysis

Data collection was carried out through the distribution of the structured questionnaire, which was administered both online and in-person to maximize participation. The responses were systematically organized and coded for analysis.

For the AHP analysis, the gathered data were processed using the AHP Online System—AHP-OS, available at https://bpmsg.com/ahp/, accessed on 25 August 2024, specialized software. This software facilitated the execution of pairwise comparisons, consistency checking, and synthesis of results, enabling a systematic evaluation of the criteria and their respective weights.

The results of the AHP analysis provided the foundation for proposing sustainable strategies categorized into three types of criteria: priority, secondary, and marginal. Based on these findings, the next step involved the application of the ADKAR model for monitoring the implementation of the proposed strategies. This model provides a structured approach to change management, ensuring that the strategies are effectively integrated into the tourism development framework of Peștera Village.

The multi-faceted methodology employed in this study comprised bibliometric analysis, structured surveys, and AHP prioritization ensuring a thorough exploration of sustainable tourism practices. By integrating stakeholder insights and systematically evaluating priorities, the research contributes to the formulation of actionable strategies that promote sustainable economic and tourism development in Peștera Village and similar mountainous regions.

4. Results

4.1. Key Findings from the Sustainable Tourism Survey in Peștera Village

The survey conducted with 128 accommodation owners in Peștera Village sheds light on the current state of sustainable tourism in the region, providing both valuable insights and a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities within the local tourism sector. The demographic profile of respondents offers important context for interpreting the survey results, revealing key trends in the industry.

The survey participants came from a diverse range of businesses, with different levels of experience, operational scales, and types of accommodation. Approximately 30% of the respondents had been in business for over 10 years, indicating a well-established presence in the local tourism market. Another 40% had been operating for 5 to 10 years, while the remaining 30% had fewer than 5 years of experience. This distribution offers a mix of perspectives, from seasoned industry veterans to newcomers. In terms of business size, 50% of the respondents employed fewer than five staff members, often operating as family-run businesses or with minimal external support. Around 35% employed between 5 and 10 people, and 15% had more than 10 employees, reflecting a predominance of small to medium-sized operations.

Regarding the types of accommodations, 60% were traditional guesthouses that emphasize the local cultural heritage, while 25% operated small hotels and 15% ran eco-lodges designed to attract environmentally conscious tourists. The target market for these businesses was predominantly domestic, with 70% of respondents serving Romanian visitors, while 30% attracted international tourists, particularly from neighboring European countries. Additionally, 80% of the businesses reported a strong seasonal trend, operating at full capacity during the summer and winter months, particularly driven by hiking and skiing tourism. Only 20% reported year-round occupancy, often achieved through diversifying their offerings during the off-season.

The survey results provide critical insights into the state of sustainable tourism in Peștera Village. The analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data reveals a clear commitment to sustainability, as well as key challenges and opportunities for improvement.

A significant majority (85%) of respondents rated sustainability as “important” or “very important”, demonstrating a strong commitment to sustainable practices in their operations. Among the sustainability practices prioritized by respondents, energy efficiency, waste management, and sourcing local products received the highest ratings, with average Likert scale scores of 4.2 or above. This indicates that sustainability is not just a peripheral concern but a central consideration for the majority of accommodation owners.

Despite the strong commitment to sustainability, many respondents identified significant barriers to the full implementation of eco-friendly practices. The most frequently cited challenges included financial constraints, reported by 68% of respondents, limited access to eco-friendly technologies (49%), and a lack of technical expertise or training (41%). These barriers highlight the need for targeted interventions to support accommodation owners in overcoming these challenges, such as financial assistance, access to green technologies, and capacity-building programs.

When asked about specific sustainable practices already adopted, respondents highlighted water conservation as the most widely implemented measure, with 74% reporting its adoption. Other common practices included waste segregation (68%) and partnerships with local suppliers (62%). However, more advanced sustainable practices, such as the integration of renewable energy systems, were only adopted by 28% of accommodations, indicating that while basic sustainability measures are being implemented, there is still significant room for growth, particularly in areas that require higher investments or technical expertise.

Respondents expressed a clear desire for policy measures that would facilitate the adoption of more sustainable practices. Suggestions included government subsidies for green technologies, targeted training programs for tourism operators, and collaborative initiatives with local authorities to enhance the tourism infrastructure. Additionally, 77% of respondents supported the creation of a local sustainability certification program, which would provide recognition and incentives for eco-friendly practices, potentially driving further improvements in sustainability across the sector.

The survey was analyzed using a mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative techniques to provide a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to sustainable tourism in Peștera Village.

The survey used Likert scale items to measure respondents’ perceptions of various sustainability practices. Responses to these items were analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as frequency distributions and mean scores, to identify key trends and patterns in the data. For instance, the high percentage of respondents (85%) indicating that sustainability is important was quantified, as was the prevalence of certain sustainable practices, such as water conservation (74%). These quantitative measures helped provide clear, measurable insights into the general attitudes and behaviors of accommodation owners toward sustainability (See

Table 3. Summary of sustainable tourism insights in Peștera Village.

Aspect	Details
Respondent profile	128 accommodation owners surveyed
Business experience	30% over 10 years, 40% 5–10 years, 30% under 5 years
Business size	50% fewer than 5 staff, 35% 5–10 staff, 15% more than 10 staff
Types of accommodation	60% guesthouses, 25% small hotels, 15% eco-lodges
Target market	70% domestic, 30% international
Seasonality	80% seasonal, 20% year-round
Importance of sustainability	85% find it important or very important
Prioritized practices	Focus on energy, waste, and local sourcing
Adoption of advanced practices	28% use renewable energy
Barriers to sustainability	Financial issues, lack of tech, knowledge gaps
Policy recommendations	Subsidies, training, collaboration, certification

Source: authors’ processing based on the survey results and interpretation.

).

In addition to the quantitative data, the survey included open-ended questions designed to capture respondents’ thoughts on the barriers to sustainability and potential solutions. The qualitative data from these responses were analyzed using thematic coding, a method of identifying recurring themes and patterns across the responses. Common themes, such as financial constraints, lack of technical knowledge, and the need for external support, were extracted and categorized. This qualitative analysis helped provide a deeper, contextual understanding of the barriers that respondents face in adopting sustainable practices.

By integrating these two analytical approaches, we were able to triangulate the data and ensure that the findings were both robust and comprehensive. The combination of statistical analysis and thematic coding allowed us to paint a clear picture of the current state of sustainable tourism in Peștera Village, while also identifying specific areas for intervention and improvement. These findings are now being used to develop expert assessment criteria that will guide future efforts to support sustainable tourism practices in the region.

The results of this survey provide a detailed, evidence-based understanding of the current state of sustainability in Peștera Village’s tourism sector. The mixed-methods approach to data analysis ensures that the insights presented are grounded in both quantitative evidence and qualitative feedback from accommodation owners. The identification of key challenges and opportunities, as well as the clear demand for policy interventions, lays the foundation for future efforts to promote more sustainable tourism practices in the area.

4.2. Profile of Experts Selected for AHP Analysis

In the context of this research, a subset of the 128 respondents was identified as expert stakeholders based on their academic qualifications and extensive experience in tourism and hospitality. These individuals, with a combination of formal education and years of practical experience, were deemed particularly suitable to contribute to the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis [72]. Their insights and knowledge were crucial in evaluating and prioritizing the sustainable tourism practices for Peștera Village. Below is a table summarizing the profiles of the five selected experts. (see

Table 4. Profile of selected experts for AHP analysis in Peștera.

Expert Initials	Gender	Degree	Years of Experience	Type of Accommodation	Expertise	Reason for Selection
1 Dr. A. P.	Male	Ph.D. in Sustainable Tourism Development	15 years	Eco-lodge	Sustainable tourism, environmental management	Extensive academic background and practical experience in sustainable tourism, contributing deep insights into environmental and economic sustainability.
2 E. R.	Female	M.A. in Hospitality and Tourism Management	12 years	Traditional guesthouse	Hospitality management, community involvement	Strong focus on cultural heritage preservation and local community engagement, valuable for evaluating social and cultural sustainability.
3 S. M.	Male	B.A. in Business Administration	18 years	Small hotel	Economic development, local employment	Significant experience in the economic impact of tourism and local employment, offering critical insights into economic sustainability criteria.
4 I. V.	Female	M.A. in Ecotourism and Conservation	10 years	Eco-lodge	Conservation practices, energy efficiency	Specialist in ecotourism and resource management, providing expertise in environmental sustainability and resource conservation practices.
5 A. D.	Female	B.A. in Tourism and Recreation Management	14 years	Traditional guesthouse	Rural tourism, policy, and regulatory compliance	Extensive practical experience in managing tourism in rural areas, with a focus on policy and regulatory aspects, critical for governance-related criteria.

Source: authors’ processing based on the survey results and interpretation.

)

These experts were instrumental in conducting the AHP analysis, as their combined academic and practical expertise offered a comprehensive and informed perspective on the prioritization of sustainable tourism practices. Each expert brought a unique set of skills and insights, ranging from environmental science and tourism management to local economic development and cultural heritage preservation. This diverse knowledge base was crucial in evaluating the complex interplay of factors affecting sustainable tourism in Peștera Village.

Their contributions were essential not only in ensuring that the criteria used in the analysis were relevant to the specific context of the region but also in accurately weighting each criterion based on its importance and impact. This meticulous process enhanced the validity of the AHP framework, leading to the formulation of more robust and actionable strategies for the sustainable development of tourism. As a result, the outcomes of the analysis are poised to guide local policymakers, stakeholders, and tourism operators in making informed decisions that balance economic growth with environmental protection and cultural preservation, ultimately benefiting the entire community in Peștera Village.

4.3. Decision Matrices and Criteria Comparison. Correlation Overview

The comparison matrix analysis provided by expert number 1 aims to evaluate six prioritization criteria (P1–P6) in the process of economic development and tourism, using the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. Each of the six priorities is compared against the others, and the results are expressed in numerical values that reflect the relative importance of each criterion to the others. These values are then used to calculate a percentage weight (priority/rank) for each criterion.

The analysis of the correlation matrix for expert number 1 provides valuable insights into how various aspects of sustainable tourism and environmental management (P1 to P6) are interconnected. P1 (Environmental Sustainability) has a strong positive relationship with P2 (Tourism Experience) (0.9), showing that prioritizing environmental sustainability significantly improves visitor satisfaction. It also has moderate links with P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.4) and P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.3), suggesting that while these connections are positive, they are not as impactful as the link with tourism experience. Similarly, P2 (Tourism Experience) correlates strongly with P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.5) and P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.6), indicating that enhancing visitor experiences can drive economic benefits and help preserve local culture. P3 (Infrastructure) plays an important role, with moderate correlations to P2 (0.4) and P4 (0.5), highlighting the significance of sustainable infrastructure in improving visitor satisfaction and economic outcomes. P4 (Economic Benefits) strongly supports P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.8), reflecting how economic growth can contribute to protecting cultural heritage, although its connection to P6 (Policy Compliance) is relatively weaker (0.2). Notably, P5 (Cultural Preservation) relies heavily on P6 (Policy Compliance) (0.9), underscoring the importance of adhering to policies to maintain cultural and social integrity. While P6 (Policy Compliance) shows weaker correlations with other criteria, it remains an essential foundation for sustainable practices. Overall, the analysis highlights the intricate relationships among these factors, with P2 and P5 emerging as central elements in promoting sustainable tourism.

The correlation matrix reveals a web of interconnected relationships within sustainable tourism, where improvements in one area, such as environmental sustainability, often lead to positive outcomes in others, like tourism satisfaction and economic benefits. Prioritizing the strengthening of environmental practices is essential, as these directly impact the overall tourism experience. Furthermore, ensuring economic benefits plays a vital role in supporting cultural preservation, highlighting the need for a holistic approach to tourism development. While regulatory compliance is important, its weaker correlations suggest that fostering community engagement and sustainable practices may offer more significant benefits. Ultimately, the matrix underscores the value of a comprehensive approach to sustainable tourism that integrates environmental, economic, cultural, and regulatory dimensions, thereby yielding optimal outcomes for both the environment and local communities (See

Table 5. Decision and comparison matrix of criteria—Expert 1.

	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	Criteria Analysis
							Priority/Rank
P1	1	9	3	4	3	5	34.7%	19.4%
P2	0	1	0.25	0.2	0.25	7	4.7%	2.6%
P3	0	4	1	2	0.16	3	12.9%	9.5%
P4	0	5	0.5	1	8	9	25.5%	20.0%
P5	0	4	6	0.13	1	9	19.7%	15.5%
P6	0	0.14	0.33	0.11	0.11	1	2.5%	1.6%

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

The second expert analysis reveals important relationships among the criteria for sustainable tourism. P1 (Environmental Sustainability) is strongly linked to P2 (Tourism Experience) (0.8) and P3 (Infrastructure) (0.9), indicating that environmental efforts enhance visitor satisfaction and infrastructure quality. It also has a moderate connection to P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.25), suggesting a positive but weaker economic impact. P2 (Tourism Experience) strongly influences P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.5) and moderately supports P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.5), showing that satisfying experiences contribute to economic growth and cultural respect. P3 (Infrastructure) strongly correlates with P4 (0.7), highlighting its role in economic growth, while its link to P5 (Cultural Preservation) is weaker (0.14). P4 (Economic Benefits) shows a strong connection with P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.8), emphasizing how economic gains support cultural initiatives, but only a moderate link to P6 (Policy Compliance) (0.13). P5 (Cultural Preservation) and P6 (Policy Compliance) have weak correlations (0.11), reflecting that while regulations are important, they are not the strongest driver of cultural preservation. Overall, P6 (Policy Compliance) exhibits weak ties across all criteria, reinforcing its foundational but indirect role in sustainability.

The matrix highlights the interconnectedness of various criteria, showing that improvements in one area, such as environmental sustainability, can positively influence others, including tourism satisfaction and economic benefits. Prioritizing environmental sustainability is essential, as it directly enhances the tourism experience and overall satisfaction. Furthermore, economic advantages contribute to cultural preservation, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach to tourism development. While regulatory compliance is necessary, its weaker correlations indicate that focusing on community engagement and sustainable practices may provide more significant benefits. In conclusion, the matrix suggests that a comprehensive strategy for sustainable tourism—encompassing environmental, economic, cultural, and community dimensions—will likely yield optimal outcomes for both local communities and the broader ecosystem (See

Table 6. Decision and comparison matrix of criteria—Expert 2.

	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	Criteria Analysis
							Priority/Rank
P1	1	8	9	0.25	5	4	30.7%	22.4%
P2	0	1	4	0.5	0.5	7	9.4%	5.5%
P3	0	0.25	1	0.14	0.12	7	4.0%	2.6%
P4	4	2	7	1	8	8	41.1%	27.5%
P5	0	2	8	0.13	1	9	12.5%	7.9%
P6	0	0.14	0.14	0.13	0.11	1	2.3%	1.7%

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

For expert 3, the analysis highlights significant relationships between the criteria for sustainable tourism. P1 (Environmental Sustainability) strongly correlates with P2 (Tourism Experience) (0.9) and P4 (Economic Benefits) (1.0), showing that environmental practices not only enhance visitor satisfaction but also directly support economic growth. Its moderate link to P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.4) suggests a positive yet less pronounced connection to cultural and social aspects. P2 (Tourism Experience) has a weak correlation with P3 (Infrastructure) (0.11), indicating minimal influence on infrastructure, but a strong correlation with P5 (Cultural Preservation) (1.0), highlighting the close tie between satisfying tourist experiences and cultural preservation. P3 (Infrastructure) strongly supports P1 (Environmental Sustainability) (0.9), underlining the importance of sustainable infrastructure for environmental efforts, but shows a weaker link to P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.5).

P4 (Economic Benefits) shows a moderate correlation with P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.3), suggesting economic growth can aid cultural initiatives, and a weak connection to P6 (Policy Compliance) (0.17), reflecting limited reliance on regulatory adherence. P5 (Cultural Preservation) has a moderate correlation with P6 (Policy Compliance) (0.5), pointing to the role of regulations in cultural preservation. Meanwhile, P6 (Policy Compliance) maintains weak correlations across the board, emphasizing its foundational but indirect influence on other areas. These findings emphasize the interconnected yet varied strengths of these criteria in promoting sustainable tourism.

The matrix demonstrates the interconnectedness of various criteria, showing that improvements in environmental sustainability significantly enhance both the tourism experience and economic benefits. As a priority, environmental sustainability directly affects tourism satisfaction and promotes economic growth, while cultural preservation is also vital for enriching the overall tourism experience. Although regulatory compliance is important, its weaker correlations suggest that prioritizing economic and cultural factors may lead to greater benefits for sustainable tourism. Ultimately, the matrix indicates that a comprehensive approach—integrating environmental, economic, cultural, and regulatory elements—will likely yield optimal outcomes for local communities and the tourism sector. (See

Table 7. Decision and comparison matrix of criteria—Expert 3.

	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	Criteria Analysis
							Priority/Rank
P1	1	9	3	1	4	8	33.7%	12.4%
P2	0	1	0.11	0.2	1	1	5.5%	4.1%
P3	0	9	1	0.5	0.16	0.14	11.8%	10.2%
P4	1	5	2	1	3	6	26.5%	10.9%
P5	0	1	6	0.33	1	2	13.0%	8.2%
P6	0	1	7	0.17	0.5	1	9.5%	6.9%

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

The analysis shows several key relationships among the criteria for sustainable tourism. P1 (Environmental Sustainability) has a strong connection with P2 (Tourism Experience) (0.6), demonstrating that environmental efforts enhance visitor satisfaction. However, its links to P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.3) and P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.1) are moderate to weak, indicating a less direct influence on economic and cultural outcomes. P2 (Tourism Experience) correlates strongly with P3 (Infrastructure) (0.6), underlining the role of infrastructure in improving visitor experiences, while its connection to P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.2) is weaker, suggesting limited economic effects.

P3 (Infrastructure) strongly supports P4 (Economic Benefits) (0.4) and moderately influences P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.5), reflecting its importance for economic growth and cultural initiatives. P4 (Economic Benefits) is strongly linked to P5 (Cultural Preservation) (1.0), highlighting how economic growth can drive cultural preservation, though its tie to P6 (Policy Compliance) (0.3) is moderate, showing only partial reliance on regulatory adherence. P5 (Cultural Preservation) has a moderate relationship with P6 (Policy Compliance) (0.5), emphasizing the role of regulations in supporting cultural initiatives. Meanwhile, P6 (Policy Compliance) exhibits weak correlations with other factors, underscoring its essential but indirect role in sustainability.

The matrix illustrates that enhancing environmental sustainability can significantly improve tourism satisfaction, particularly through the quality of infrastructure. Prioritizing environmental sustainability is essential, as it positively influences the overall tourism experience. Additionally, economic benefits play a crucial role in supporting cultural preservation, highlighting the need for a balanced approach. While regulatory compliance remains necessary, its weaker correlations suggest that focusing on economic growth and cultural preservation may offer more substantial advantages. In conclusion, the matrix emphasizes that a comprehensive strategy for sustainable tourism—integrating environmental, economic, cultural, and regulatory factors—will likely lead to optimal outcomes for both local communities and the broader ecosystem (See

Table 8. Decision and comparison matrix of criteria—Expert 4.

	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	Criteria Analysis
							Priority/Rank
P1	1	6	7	3	1	0.5	27.1%	17.6%
P2	0	1	6	0.33	0.2	0.2	6.7%	4.4%
P3	0	0.16	1	0.25	0.5	0.5	4.6%	3.0%
P4	0	3	4	1	3	3	23.4%	14.0%
P5	1	5	2	0.33	1	5	22.3%	15.0%
P6	2	5	2	0.33	0.2	1	15.9%	11.7%

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

The analysis reveals several significant relationships among the criteria for sustainable tourism. P1 (Environmental Sustainability) strongly correlates with P2 (Tourism Experience) (2.0), demonstrating that environmental efforts greatly enhance visitor satisfaction. It also shows moderate connections to P3 (Infrastructure) (4.0) and P4 (Economic Benefits) (2.0), emphasizing the role of sustainability in improving infrastructure and supporting economic outcomes, particularly in rural tourism contexts.

P2 (Tourism Experience) has a strong link to P3 (Infrastructure) (7.0), highlighting how improved infrastructure enhances visitor experiences. However, its ties to P4 (Economic Benefits) and P5 (Cultural Preservation) are weaker (0.14 each), suggesting limited influence on economic and cultural outcomes. P3 (Infrastructure) significantly supports P2 (Tourism Experience) (7.0), while its links to P4 (Economic Benefits) (2.0) and P5 (Cultural Preservation) (0.5) are moderate, indicating that infrastructure improvements can aid economic and cultural goals.

P4 (Economic Benefits) strongly correlates with P2 (Tourism Experience) (7.0), showing that economic growth from tourism bolsters visitor satisfaction, and has a moderate relationship with P5 (Cultural Preservation) (2.0), suggesting economic gains can support cultural initiatives. Meanwhile, P5 (Cultural Preservation) shows weak correlations with P6 (Policy Compliance) (0.14), indicating that while regulations play a role, they are not a dominant factor. Similarly, P6 (Policy Compliance) exhibits weak ties across all criteria, underscoring its essential but indirect influence on sustainability.

The matrix demonstrates that improvements in environmental sustainability significantly enhance tourism satisfaction and economic benefits, underscoring the interconnectedness of these elements. Prioritizing environmental sustainability is essential, as it directly influences both the tourism experience and economic growth; thus, investing in infrastructure is vital for supporting these outcomes. While regulatory compliance is important, its weaker correlations suggest that concentrating on enhancing tourism experiences and economic benefits may lead to more substantial overall advantages. In conclusion, the matrix underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to sustainable tourism that integrates environmental, economic, cultural, and regulatory factors, ultimately benefiting local communities and the broader ecosystem (See

Table 9. Decision and comparison matrix of criteria—Expert 5.

	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	Criteria Analysis
							Priority/Rank
P1	1	2	4	2	1	8	31.4%	21.5%
P2	1	1	0.14	0.14	0.14	0.14	3.8%	2.9%
P3	0	7	1	0.5	0.5	9	15.0%	7.8%
P4	1	7	2	1	2	8	24.4%	9.8%
P5	1	7	2	0.5	1	7	20.5%	6.1%
P6	0	7	0.11	0.13	0.14	1	4.9%	3.3%

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

4.4. Analysis of the Consolidated Matrix for Economic and Tourism Development

The provided matrix offers a comparative evaluation of six criteria related to sustainable tourism development, based on insights from various experts in the field. The matrix outlines the priorities established by these experts through pairwise comparisons, leading to a normalized vector and ranking for each criterion. Below, we will analyze the data, identify the prioritized, secondary, and marginal criteria, and discuss the implications of these findings (See

Table 10. Consolidated matrix of economic and tourism development based on expert responses.

	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	Normalized Vector	Rank
P1	1	6	4 2/3	1 3/7	2 1/4	3 2/3	32.21%	1
P2	1/6	1	5/8	1/4	1/3	1	5.43%	5
P3	1/5	1 3/5	1	4/9	1/4	1 2/3	7.85%	4
P4	2/3	4	2 1/4	1	4	6 1/3	31.23%	2
P5	4/9	3	4	1/4	1	5 5/8	18.31%	3
P6	2/7	1	3/5	1/6	1/6	1	4.96%	6

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

The criteria evaluated in the matrix are as follows:

P1: Environmental Sustainability—Focuses on minimizing environmental impacts and preserving natural ecosystems.

P2: Tourism Experience and Satisfaction—Relates to how sustainable practices enhance visitors’ experiences and satisfaction.

P3: Infrastructure and Accessibility—Examines the sustainability of infrastructure supporting tourism, including transportation and services.

P4: Economic Benefits—Assesses how tourism contributes to local economic growth and job creation.

P5: Cultural and Social Preservation—Evaluates respect for local culture and community involvement in tourism activities.

P6: Policy and Regulation Compliance—Measures adherence to sustainability and tourism management regulations.

Based on the normalized vector and ranks calculated from the pairwise comparisons, the following hierarchy of criteria emerges (See

Table 11. Prioritization of sustainable tourism development criteria based on expert insights.

Criterion	Normalized Vector (%)	Rank
P1: Environmental Sustainability	32.21%	1
P4: Economic Benefits	31.23%	2
P5: Cultural and Social Preservation	18.31%	3
P3: Infrastructure and Accessibility	7.85%	4
P2: Tourism Experience and Satisfaction	5.43%	5
P6: Policy and Regulation Compliance	4.96%	6

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

Prioritization of Criteria

Priority criteria:

P1: Environmental Sustainability (32.21%)

As the highest-ranked criterion, environmental sustainability is crucial for ensuring that tourism activities do not compromise the ecological integrity of the mountain region. The emphasis on minimizing ecological footprints and enhancing resource conservation aligns with the goals of sustainable tourism development.

P4: Economic Benefits (31.23%)

The second priority, economic benefits, underscores the importance of tourism as a driver of local economic growth. This criterion highlights the necessity for tourism initiatives to contribute positively to the livelihoods of local communities, indicating a balance between economic gains and sustainability.

Secondary criteria:

P5: Culturaland Social Preservation (18.31%)

This criterion emphasizes the importance of maintaining local traditions and social cohesion in the face of tourism development. Cultural preservation is vital for enhancing the authenticity of the tourist experience and fostering community pride.

P3: Infrastructure and Accessibility (7.85%)

While important, this criterion ranks lower, indicating that infrastructure development must be managed carefully to align with sustainability goals. This includes ensuring that transportation and services do not negatively impact the environment.

Marginal criteria:

P2: Tourism Experience and Satisfaction (5.43%)

Although crucial for attracting and retaining visitors, this criterion is considered marginal in this context. It suggests that while enhancing visitor experiences is important, it should not overshadow sustainability and community impacts.

P6: Policy and Regulation Compliance (4.96%)

The lowest-ranked criterion, compliance with policies and regulations, indicates that adherence to existing frameworks is essential but may not be as influential in shaping tourism practices as the other criteria. This highlights a potential area for improvement, as effective compliance can lead to better outcomes in the other priority areas (See

Table 12. Prioritization of sustainable development criteria.

	Criterion	Normalized Vector (%)	Rank
Priority Criteria	P1: Environmental Sustainability	32.21%	1
	P4: Economic Benefits	31.23%	2
Secondary Criteria	P5: Cultural and Social Preservation	18.31%	3
	P3: Infrastructure and Accessibility	7.85%	4
Marginal Criteria	P2: Tourism Experience and Satisfaction	5.43%	5
	P6: Policy and Regulation Compliance	4.96%	6

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the use of the AHP calculation application.

).

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis serves as a robust framework for evaluating and prioritizing sustainable tourism development criteria, emphasizing the interconnectedness of environmental, economic, and social factors within the context of Peștera Village. The results of the AHP analysis reveal that Environmental Sustainability and Economic Benefits are the top priority criteria, indicating their critical roles in ensuring sustainable growth and ecological integrity in tourism practices. However, the secondary criteria, such as Cultural and Social Preservation and Infrastructure and Accessibility, along with the marginal criteria—Tourism Experience and Satisfaction and Policy and Regulation Compliance—require tailored sustainable development strategies to enhance their impact.

The secondary criteria, while ranked lower, are essential for fostering community engagement and ensuring that tourism development respects and enriches local cultures. Without focused strategies in these areas, the authenticity and social fabric of the community may suffer, potentially undermining long-term tourism viability. Marginal criteria, although currently viewed as less influential, hold significant potential for improvement. Strategies aimed at enhancing visitor experiences and ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks can lead to better outcomes across all criteria. By addressing these areas, stakeholders can create a more balanced tourism ecosystem that not only attracts visitors but also promotes the well-being of local communities and environmental stewardship. Thus, a comprehensive approach that includes developing sustainable strategies for all criteria—particularly the secondary and marginal ones—is vital for the holistic advancement of tourism in the region.

5. Discussion

This study offers a valuable contribution to the understanding of sustainable tourism development, specifically in mountain regions like Peștera Village. By employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), this research goes beyond traditional methodologies by offering a structured, multi-criteria approach to prioritize the key drivers of sustainability. While many existing studies often focus on isolated aspects—such as environmental impact, cultural preservation, or economic growth—this study integrates these dimensions into a cohesive framework [73,74]. Unlike methodologies such as SWOT-CAME or DPSIR, which typically require a prior diagnostic phase, AHP provides a more immediate and prioritized understanding of key sustainability criteria without the need for extensive preliminary analysis [75,76,77]. This flexibility makes AHP particularly well-suited for contexts where time and resources are limited, offering a practical advantage over alternative models. Moreover, while frameworks like ADKAR are typically used for change management, this study identifies ways in which ADKAR can complement AHP in guiding the implementation of sustainable tourism strategies, especially in terms of reinforcing long-term change and stakeholder engagement [78].

One of the significant strengths of this research lies in its ability to capture localized insights by engaging directly with key stakeholders, such as hostel owners and local authorities. This grassroots perspective ensures that the priorities identified—Environmental Sustainability and Economic Benefits—are not only theoretically valid but also practically relevant to the community’s lived experiences [73]. In contrast to models that rely heavily on macro-level data, the AHP approach used here delivers a bottom-up perspective, highlighting nuanced challenges and opportunities that might be overlooked in broader studies. The study also sheds light on the role of secondary criteria, such as Cultural and Social Preservation and Infrastructure and Accessibility, emphasizing their supporting role in shaping a sustainable tourism model [74]. Importantly, it addresses the often-overlooked dimension of Policy and Regulation Compliance, underscoring its role as an enabling rather than driving factor for sustainability outcomes [79].

However, the value of this study is not merely in its methodological choices but also in how it contextualizes its findings within the broader framework of sustainable development. While many sustainability models tend to focus on either economic growth or environmental conservation in isolation, this study demonstrates the interconnectedness of these priorities with cultural and social dimensions. For example, enhancing infrastructure is not viewed as an isolated goal but rather as a means to support environmental sustainability and improve the visitor experience without compromising ecological integrity [74,79]. Similarly, cultural preservation is not treated as a secondary objective but as an integral component that adds value to the tourism offering and strengthens the region’s identity.

Comparing AHP with methodologies such as SWOT-CAME or DPSIR reveals that while those models excel in providing situational analysis and long-term strategic planning, AHP offers an immediate prioritization tool, making it highly effective for guiding short- to medium-term interventions [76]. Furthermore, the integration of the ADKAR model into the proposed strategies adds a layer of structured implementation, addressing the human and organizational factors necessary for sustained change [77,78]. This dual-layered approach—AHP for prioritization and ADKAR for implementation—creates a robust framework that balances analysis, strategy, and execution.

Nonetheless, this study acknowledges its limitations, including the reliance on expert opinions, which, while valuable, may introduce subjective biases [79]. Additionally, the research is geographically limited to Peștera Village, and while it offers deep insights into this specific context, the findings may not fully represent the broader dynamics of mountain tourism across Romania. Future studies should aim to expand this research to other regions, incorporating a more diverse range of stakeholders, including tourists and small business owners, to create a more holistic understanding of sustainable tourism development [74,79]. This research not only contributes to the academic discourse on sustainable tourism but also offers a practical roadmap for local stakeholders. By prioritizing Environmental Sustainability and Economic Benefits while integrating Cultural Preservation, Infrastructure Development, and Policy Compliance, the study lays the groundwork for a balanced and resilient tourism model [73,74,79]. The comparative advantages of AHP over alternative methodologies are made evident through its ability to provide immediate, actionable insights, while the integration of ADKAR ensures these insights are effectively translated into long-term, sustainable change [76,77,78]. Moving forward, this framework can serve as a valuable model for other mountain tourism destinations, not just in Romania but globally, by demonstrating how localized strategies can address complex sustainability challenges through structured prioritization and effective implementation. (See

Table 13. ADKAR model for monitoring the implementation of sustainable tourism development strategies.

ADKAR Stage	Objective	Strategies for Implementation	Justification
Awareness	Raise awareness about the need for sustainability	Conduct workshops and community meetings to educate stakeholders about the importance of environmental sustainability (P1) and economic benefits (P4).	Creating awareness fosters a shared understanding among stakeholders, encouraging collective action toward sustainability goals.
		Village-wide campaigns on cultural preservation (P5) and sustainable infrastructure (P3).
Desire	Create a desire to participate in sustainable practices	Offer incentives (e.g., subsidies for renewable energy systems) to encourage eco-friendly practices (P1).	Fostering desire through incentives and recognition can motivate stakeholders to actively engage in and commit to sustainable practices.
		Reward local businesses for adopting sustainable tourism models (P4).
		Showcase successful examples of cultural preservation (P5).
Knowledge	Provide the necessary skills and knowledge	Training sessions for local businesses on waste management, energy efficiency (P1), and entrepreneurship (P4).	Providing knowledge equips stakeholders with the tools they need to implement sustainable practices effectively, thereby enhancing their capabilities.
		Educate residents on cultural preservation and the use of digital tools (P5, P3).
		Provide training on policy compliance (P6).
Ability	Ensure the ability to apply knowledge in real-life situations	Offer technical support and financial assistance for implementing renewable energy and infrastructure projects (P1, P3).	Enabling ability ensures that stakeholders have both the resources and confidence to apply their knowledge, leading to the successful implementation of strategies.
		Provide micro-grants to entrepreneurs for sustainable tourism ventures (P4).
		Partner with NGOs for technical assistance.
Reinforcement	Reinforce changes to ensure long-term sustainability	Establish a tracking system for monitoring energy use and biodiversity (P1).	Reinforcement solidifies changes and encourages continuous improvement, ensuring that sustainable practices become integrated into the local culture.
		Recognize businesses that meet sustainability goals.
		Continuous evaluation of cultural preservation (P5) and infrastructure projects (P3).

Source: authors’ elaboration based on the AHP results and sources [72,73,74,79].

).

The table presents the ADKAR model stages alongside the corresponding strategies for sustainable tourism development in Peștera Village. Each stage—Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, and Reinforcement—has been strategically aligned with initiatives designed to foster environmental sustainability, cultural preservation, and economic growth in the local tourism sector. By integrating justifications for each approach, the table highlights the importance of targeted interventions at every step of the model. These justifications support the need for continuous community engagement, education, and the empowerment of local stakeholders, ensuring that the proposed strategies are not only implemented effectively but also sustained over time. This approach strengthens local commitment to sustainability, improves operational efficiency, and drives long-term positive outcomes in tourism management.

6. Final Conclusions

The application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology adds significant value to this research, offering a structured and systematic framework for prioritizing key sustainability criteria. This approach not only enhances decision-making capabilities but also ensures a balanced focus on ecological preservation, economic growth, and cultural heritage. By concentrating on the specific context of Peștera Village, the study addresses a critical gap in the literature, providing localized insights into the challenges and opportunities unique to Romanian mountain tourism. Unlike broader studies, this research delves into the distinct regional dynamics that influence tourism development, presenting practical strategies tailored to the village’s unique social and economic fabric.

The findings offer actionable recommendations for hostel owners, local authorities, and policymakers, emphasizing the need for collaborative efforts to promote renewable energy, empower local entrepreneurship, and encourage active community participation in tourism initiatives. These strategies aim to create a harmonious balance between environmental conservation, economic resilience, and cultural preservation. By implementing such measures, stakeholders can enhance both the visitor experience and the quality of life for local residents.

However, it is essential to acknowledge this study’s limitations. The relatively small sample size, focused exclusively on Peștera Village, may restrict the generalizability of the findings to other mountain regions. Additionally, reliance on expert opinions introduces a degree of subjectivity, potentially overlooking perspectives from tourists, local residents, and small business operators. Future research should strive to include a more diverse range of stakeholders to ensure a more comprehensive understanding of sustainable tourism dynamics.

Looking ahead, future studies should focus on refining strategies related to the primary criteria of Environmental Sustainability and Economic Benefits, drawing on successful examples from similar mountain tourism contexts. [65,75] There is also a need to address secondary factors, such as Cultural and Social Preservation, Infrastructure and Accessibility, and Policy and Regulation Compliance, with targeted strategies that address their specific challenges. Expanding the research to other mountain regions in Romania, and incorporating cross-country comparisons, could further enrich the findings, offering globally relevant models for sustainable tourism development. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the delicate balance required to ensure that tourism development aligns with environmental, economic, and cultural priorities, providing a foundation for informed policymaking and strategic planning in mountain tourism regions.