Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF): A User-Centered Approach in Corridor Planning—The Case of Al-Hada Ring Road

Abstract

This study introduces the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF), developed to guide the transformation of Car-Oriented corridors into Human-centered, sustainable spaces. Rooted in a human-centered approach, the framework emphasizes enhancing social interaction, addressing environmental needs, and supporting local economies through urban design. The framework was applied to the Al-Hada Ring Road in Taif, Saudi Arabia, as a case study. A mixed-methods approach was utilized, incorporating expert field observations, interviews with 15 stakeholders, and a web-based survey that yielded 455 valid responses. The findings revealed that 78% of respondents prioritized natural landscapes, 72% highlighted the importance of walkability, and 69% emphasized the need for shaded areas and culturally rooted design elements that enhance comfort and safety. These results demonstrate that planning strategies reflecting local climate conditions, user behavior, and cultural identity can increase corridor sustainability and resilience by over 65% in terms of perceived user satisfaction and safety. The HSCF offers a structured, adaptable model for planners and decision-makers seeking to align spatial design with community needs and national development goals.

1. Introduction

Sustainable development is a multidimensional goal that encompasses ecological preservation, economic stability, and social equity. Within the urban context, sustainable development seeks to reshape infrastructure in ways that foster long-term resilience, livability, and inclusivity. The integration of sustainable principles into urban planning has led to a global shift toward human-centered design approaches, particularly in the transformation of road corridors into multifunctional urban environments [1,2]

The concept of humanizing infrastructure introduces a paradigm in which streets and corridors are not only conduits for vehicles but are also active social and environmental spaces that respond to the diverse needs of their users. Humanization emphasizes walkability, safety, identity, comfort, and cultural relevance as key indicators of successful urban design [3,4]. Humanizing Sustainable Corridors (HSC) thus represents a planning philosophy and design methodology that bridges transportation, ecology, and social life.

In the Saudi Arabian context, the pursuit of sustainable and human-centered urban development has gained momentum through the strategic direction of Saudi Vision 2030. This national development plan articulates sustainability as a foundational pillar for achieving long-term prosperity and environmental stewardship [4,5]. Among its urban objectives, Vision 2030 promotes the creation of vibrant, walkable cities that integrate green infrastructure, public space enhancement, and community well-being. Projects such as the Riyadh Green Initiative and the Jeddah Waterfront exemplify this vision by emphasizing ecological restoration, pedestrian mobility, and social cohesion.

Despite growing efforts, a gap remains in planning frameworks that systematically incorporate humanization principles in the redevelopment of existing transport corridors. While several international frameworks address sustainable urban infrastructure such as the Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) by the World Bank (Platform for Sustainable Cities and Bank, 2018) [6], the Urban Human Needs framework (UHN) [1], the Leading Practice Framework for Sustainable Transport Corridors [7], and the Biophilic Streets Design Framework (BSDF) [8], these models often underrepresent the socio-cultural nuances and climatic realities specific to arid-region cities such as those in Saudi Arabia.

Despite recent policy directions such as Saudi Vision 2030 and the availability of international models for sustainable urban design, a significant scientific and practical gap persists in systematically applying humanization principles to the redevelopment of existing transport corridors. Many transport corridors, including the Al-Hada Ring Road, have evolved beyond their intended mobility function as users have gradually transformed them into informal social spaces through activities such as street vending, temporary gatherings, and recreational uses, which have increased traffic conflicts, reduced pedestrian safety, created congestion hotspots, and generated unmanaged waste and visual clutter. However, this user-driven transformation has occurred in the absence of adequate planning controls, resulting in informal or unregulated construction, insufficient pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, underutilized heritage and environmental assets, and weak regulatory enforcement. Consequently, these corridors exhibit fragmented spatial development, compromised safety, environmental degradation, and limited public amenities, which collectively diminish their potential to support sustainable mobility, social inclusivity, and economic vibrancy.

To address these challenges, this study aims to (i) study spatial, functional, and institutional deficiencies along the Al-Hada Ring Road corridor through expert field observations and regulatory reviews; (ii) analyze the user-driven transformation of the corridor into informal social spaces and its implications for safety, mobility, and environmental quality; (iii) identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) shaping the corridor’s current condition with respect to humanization, heritage preservation, walkability, and sustainable development; (iv) develop a Humanizing Sustainable Corridor Framework (HSCF) tailored to the climatic, cultural, and regulatory context of arid-region cities such as those in Saudi Arabia; and (v) integrate stakeholder perspectives from planning authorities, tourism agencies, and local communities to ensure that proposed interventions align with both policy visions and user needs.

The Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF) was developed as a practical tool to apply people-centered planning principles in Saudi Arabia and similar regions. It helps planners and architects to design the environment to fulfill the users’ needs. This framework was built and shaped based on the input from different perspectives of the stakeholders. It fills the gap between policymakers’ vision and the users’ preferences. This approach is inspired by ideas like Gehl’s focus on human-scale cities, the Urban Human Needs (UHNs) framework, and the Person–Environment Congruence (PEC) framework, aiming to create more sustainable and resilient public spaces that reflect human needs and expectations.

To enhance the paper’s clarity and coherence, the content is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the research methodology, including expert field observations, stakeholder interviews, and the web-based survey procedures employed in the study. Section 3 presents the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF) in detail and demonstrates its application to the Al-Hada Ring Road case study. Section 4 analyzes the findings, emphasizing their implications for planning and designing human-centered, sustainable corridors in arid-region cities. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper by summarizing the key contributions, acknowledging its limitations, and proposing directions for future research.

2. Study Area Description: Al-Hada Ring Road

2.1. Geographical and Cultural Context

Al-Hada is a mountainous region located between the cities of Makkah and Taif in the western part of Saudi Arabia [9]. As shown in Figure 1, It features one of the steepest descents in the country, dropping from approximately 2000 m to 700 m above sea level. Due to its elevation and location, Al-Hada experiences relatively cool, cloudy, and rainy weather, with temperatures typically ranging between 10 °C and 25 °C. The area is home to several small villages established by early settlers who found suitable land for agriculture. As a result, it contains numerous farms and natural landscapes that offer scenic views, making it a popular destination for both locals and tourists [10,11].

The redevelopment of Al-Hada Ring Road as a sustainable urban corridor aligns with Saudi Arabia’s urban development agenda, particularly under the Program [12,13]. Traditionally designed for vehicular movement. As shown in Figure 2.

2.2. Existing Condition of Al-Hada Ring Road

Al-Hada Ring Road has gradually transformed into a multifunctional space frequented by pedestrians, cyclists, and visitors engaging in leisure and social activities. During weekends and summer vacations, the area attracts visitors from nearby cities, including Makkah, Jeddah, and Taif, further enhancing its role as a popular recreational destination. Many visitors come to enjoy picnicking or camping, taking advantage of the pleasant weather and the area’s pristine natural landscapes (Figure 3).

However, despite the increasing popularity of these activities, there is a noticeable lack of empirical research or documented evidence addressing the nature, patterns, and impact of such recreational use. Therefore, this study provides baseline information that can contribute to understanding and supporting future planning for social and recreational activities in the area.

The ring road was originally built to connect several villages inhabited by tribal clans such as Quraysh, Al-Nomoor, and Al-Ghorabi. Traditionally, residents have relied on agriculture and sheep herding as primary livelihoods [14]. Al-Hada is famous for producing fruits, vegetables, and Taif Rose [15]. The area has been a popular summer holiday for people from nearby cities such as Makkah since pre-Islamic times, due to its cooler climate during summer.

Recently, Al-Hada residents have been contributing by renting out their farms and traditional houses to visitors [16]. Also, the Al-Hada area benefited from this Saudi Arabia shift, which has opened the country to international travelers and expanded the variety of tourism experiences. The construction and improvement of the Al-Hada Ring Road have facilitated access to the area for international visitors from countries such as Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and various Muslim countries (Figure 4). Many of these visitors arrive for Hajj or Umrah and choose to explore Al-Hada for its moderate climate, scenic greenish mountain views, rich heritage, and its proximity to the holy city of Makkah.

This increase in tourism has led to a surge in demand for hospitality services and recreational infrastructure. In response, numerous facilities have been developed, including family parks, mountain lodges, and themed attractions such as the Strawberry Garden, Birds’ Garden, and small tourist villages. The rise in tourism has stimulated local employment, enhanced the regional economy, and encouraged investment in high-quality restaurants and public spaces. Despite recent advancements, academic literature on Al-Hada’s development remains limited. This study, therefore, aims to contribute to its documentation and analysis by introducing the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF). The framework is fundamentally structured around expert observations and stakeholder interviews and is further validated through user preferences.

3. Literature Review

3.1. Global Perspectives on Humanizing Sustainable Corridors

Sustainable development is essential for creating cities that are both livable and resilient. It brings together economic, social, and environmental goals [17]. As cities continue to expand, building sustainable urban corridors has become more important than ever. These corridors help improve transportation, protect the environment, and support inclusive communities while also encouraging local economic development [18]. Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 emphasizes the need for urban transformation that fosters sustainability, improves the quality of life, and boosts tourism as a key economic driver [19].

Sustainable corridors have emerged as critical components of integrated urban and regional development, balancing mobility needs with environmental, social, and economic considerations. These corridors typically aim to enhance connectivity while minimizing environmental impacts and supporting accessibility [20,21,22]. For example, Wadi Hanifa restoration in Riyadh and the Cheonggyecheon stream corridor in Seoul exemplify how linear corridors can be transformed into multifunctional use that supports sustainable transportation, public health, and community well-being [23,24]. Particularly in regions with sensitive landscapes or climatic constraints, sustainable corridor planning integrates green infrastructure, low-impact design, and active transportation elements to create resilient, people-friendly environments [3]. Implementing strategies such as pedestrianization, multimodal integration, and climate-responsive landscaping offers cities a practical path to reducing carbon emissions while elevating the experiential and functional quality of urban life.

Human-centered urbanism (Humanization) emphasizes the design of urban spaces that prioritize people’s experiences, needs, and well-being over purely functional or vehicular considerations. The notion of “humanizing” corridors is rooted in the idea that urban infrastructure should support social interaction, walkability, safety, comfort, and place attachment [2,3,4,25]. Humanized corridors serve not only as transport routes but also as vibrant, inclusive public spaces that foster physical activity and social cohesion, especially in rapidly urbanizing regions [22,26]. Design interventions such as shaded walkways, accessible seating, tactile paving, and aesthetically pleasing landscapes are often used to achieve this human-centric vision [27,28,29]. While global case studies and emerging design approaches increasingly demonstrate the value of humanized and sustainable corridors, there remains an opportunity to enrich the body of knowledge by contextualizing these principles within the local context and other similarly situated regions. Advancing research and practice in these areas can contribute meaningfully to the broader discourse on sustainable urban development in environmentally and culturally sensitive settings.

3.2. Human-Centered Sustainability Frameworks

The growing emphasis on human-centered sustainability frameworks reflects a global shift toward planning approaches that prioritize the lived experiences, spatial behaviors, and needs of people within urban environments. While international models advocate for sustainable and livable corridors, there remains a critical need to adapt these frameworks to reflect the spatial, cultural, and environmental specificities of diverse settings. Prominent models such as the Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) by the World Bank (2018), the Leading Practice Framework for Sustainable Transport Corridors [7], and the Biophilic Streets Design Framework [8] and Urban Human Needs Framework (UHN) [1] offer valuable foundations for integrating sustainability, user well-being, and contextual responsiveness. However, many of these frameworks are still generalized in scope or lack direct pathways for translating behavioral data into design and policy in highly contextualized environments.

In contrast, regions like Al-Hada, shaped by mountainous terrain, pilgrimage-driven urban flows, and climatic extremes, require a data-driven, locally grounded approach to corridor planning. The proposed Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF) responds to this need by positioning data collection as the strategic foundation using field observations, spatial behavior activity mapping, and stakeholder engagement to inform context-sensitive policies and human-scaled design interventions. Rather than replacing existing models, HSCF complements and extends them, offering a translational mechanism between global sustainability principles and real-world application.

Table 1. Comparative Overview of Human-Centered Sustainability Frameworks.

Framework	Primary Focus	Strengths	Limitations	HSCF Enhancements
Urban Sustainability Framework (USF) [6]	Urban sustainability planning across sectors	Aligns with SDGs; policy integration	Broad urban scale; limited design guidance	Adds spatial behavior data and applies insights at the corridor scale
Leading Practice Framework for Sustainable Transport Corridors [7]	Corridor planning, ecological protection	Strong in infrastructure governance and environmental compliance	Limited user perspective and cultural contextualization	Integrates stakeholder interviews and user journeys into planning
Biophilic Streets Design Framework [8]	Integrating nature into streets and public spaces	Emphasizes well-being and environmental quality	More relevant to temperate, green urban environments	Adapts biophilic principles to an arid climate with culturally rooted placemaking
Urban Human Needs Framework (UHN) [1]	Prioritizing human needs in urban development	Context-based analysis of physical, social, and perceptual needs	Still developing applicability for infrastructure-scale planning	Applies UHN principles specifically to corridor environments through spatial diagnostics
Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF)	Translating user data into policy and design for sustainable corridors	Data-informed, participatory, context-specific	Still under development and case-based	Begins with local data and translates findings into actionable corridor design and planning strategies

highlights how HSCF builds upon existing global frameworks while addressing their limitations through its strategic emphasis on data-to-design translation:

By rooting the framework in empirical evidence, user-centered priorities, and locally relevant insights, the HSCF contributes to a new generation of planning models that support inclusive, livable, and adaptive urban environments. This direction aligns with the goals of Saudi Vision 2030 and the global push toward human-scale, climate-sensitive, and culturally embedded planning practices [1,3,17].

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. HSCF Conceptual Framework

The Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF) is a context-responsive, user-centered planning tool designed to translate empirical data into policy and spatial design solutions for sustainable urban corridors. Building on global sustainability and humanization paradigms, the HSCF integrates concepts from environmental psychology, urban design, and participatory planning. Unlike generalized sustainability models, the HSCF is grounded in experts’ spatial observation, stakeholder needs and values, and real-time user preferences, making it suitable for complex environments such as Al-Hada. The framework is both conceptual and operational, serving as a lens for diagnosing corridor challenges and as a methodology for developing responsive solutions. The framework consists of four phases: (1) Data Collection, (2) Analysis, (3) Policy Formulation, and (4) Design Implementation, as shown in Figure 5.

The framework outlines a linear, flexible process that begins with user-centered data and ends in locally grounded spatial and policy interventions tailored for humanized, sustainable corridor development. This framework forms the conceptual backbone of the current study and is operationalized in the case of the Al-Hada Ring Road Corridor. It forms the methodological approach and guides the analysis of spatial activity behavior, stakeholder concerns, and design recommendations.

4.2. Research Materials

The research materials for this study comprised both primary and secondary sources to support the application of the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF). Primary materials included a structured online questionnaire, which generated 455 valid responses from corridor users, providing quantitative insights into their preferences for walkability, shading, natural elements, and cultural identity in corridor design. In addition, semi-structured interview guides were used to collect qualitative perspectives from 15 key stakeholders, including urban planners, policymakers, architects, and community representatives. Field observation protocols were also employed to document existing spatial, environmental, and mobility conditions along the Al-Hada Ring Road in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Secondary materials consisted of relevant literature, policy documents, and planning frameworks such as the Saudi Vision 2030 urban development agenda, global sustainable transport corridor frameworks, and academic studies on human-centered design. These combined resources provided a robust foundation for analyzing user-centered and context-sensitive strategies for corridor transformation.

4.3. Data Collection

The data collection phase was designed based on combining spatial expert observations, stakeholders’ perspectives, and user perceptions. Therefore, the study conducted a mixed-methods approach with three connected stages: (1) expert field observations and a review of relevant regulations, (2) stakeholders’ interviews, and (3) a structured online questionnaire for end users. Using these methods, triangulate the data, which leads to building a well-rounded and locally grounded understanding of users’ perceptions of the Al-Hada Ring Road corridor.

4.3.1. Expert Observations and Regulatory Review

In the first stage, the experts visited the study area, assessing the existing conditions and evaluating the existing regulations to understand how this area was shaped. This approach helped to explore how users interact with their environment and how regulations influenced the development as show in

Table 2. Diverse qualitative methods adopted for the study.

Method	Purpose/Objective	Application in Study	Key Insights/Outcome	References
Focus Group Interviews	To gather in-depth qualitative insights from stakeholders and users	Conducted with local residents, planners, and experts to explore perceptions of urban corridors	Identified user preferences for natural amenities, passive recreation, cultural, and emotional connections	[30]
MEC (Means End Chain)	To systematically link user attributes, functional consequences, and personal values to understand underlying motivations	Applied to evaluate how users connect corridor features (e.g., accessibility, comfort) to functional benefits and broader value outcomes	Provided a hierarchical value map linking physical attributes of corridors to psychological benefits and personal values	[31,32,33]
SWOT Analysis	To analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the corridor system	Performed to identify internal and external factors affecting the sustainability and humanization of corridors	Highlighted areas for improvement, strategic opportunities, and risks for corridor planning and development	[34]

.

This method allows researchers to collect descriptive and generalized data, giving an explanation of how spaces function 23. Therefore, using a structured expert survey is warranted because the problem is multi-dimensional (spatial design, safety, microclimate, heritage, and regulation) and not fully captured by secondary data or general population surveys. A multidisciplinary panel can integrate on-site evidence with current regulations, elicit tacit professional judgments, and prioritize issues relevant to implementable interventions. Standardized checklists, calibration sessions, and geotagged documentation increase reliability and transparency. The expert outputs provide a rapid, evidence-based baseline that is triangulated and generalized in subsequent stages (stakeholder interviews and the web-based questionnaire) within the HSCF.

It was led by experts in urban planning, urban design, and architecture from Umm Al-Qura University as described in

Table 3. Composition of experts by affiliation and role.

Experts Team	Description	Frequency	Percent
Academic and professional	Academics and practitioners with expertise in architecture, urban planning, and urban design.	8	53.3
Officials from Taif Municipality	Local government representatives are involved in investment, urban development, and planning in the Taif area.	2	13.3
Officials from the Ministry of Tourism	Government officials focused on tourism planning and development strategies	1	6.7
Officials from the Ministry of Culture	Representatives engaged in heritage preservation and cultural development initiatives.	1	6.7
	Total	12	100.0

. The purpose of this step was to elicit deeper institutional knowledge and strategic development agendas directly from some decision-makers, particularly officials from the Taif Municipality, the Ministry of Tourism, and the Ministry of Culture.

After that, the academic team held a series of workshops, and various institutional perspectives towered their future visions of the Al-Hada Ring Road. These sessions were valuable in building a shared understanding of policy objectives and identifying common priorities.

Following these discussions, the team initiated a 24-day program of structured field observation to document spatial conditions and user behavior activities along the corridor. The goal was to capture the lived experience of the corridor and assess how it is currently functioning from the perspective of everyday users. A range of observational techniques, including visual documentation, behavioral tracking, and sketch mapping, was used to examine five key dimensions: historical and cultural significance, environmental quality, patterns of user activity, informal spatial use, and potential for tourism-driven development, as detailed in

Table 4. Observational techniques, data collected, and relevance to key dimensions.

Observational Technique	Application	Data Collected	Relevance to Key Dimensions
Visual Documentation	Photographs, panoramic images, and video recordings of the corridor’s physical and cultural environment	Condition of built heritage, architectural styles, cultural artifacts, vegetation cover, shading, cleanliness, and visible tourism infrastructure (e.g., signage, kiosks, seating areas)	- Historical and Cultural Significance: documented heritage assets and symbols - Environmental Quality: assessed natural features and cleanliness - Tourism Potential: identified scenic viewpoints and attractions
Behavioral Tracking	Systematic observation of user movements, dwell times, and activity patterns across different times of day and week	Frequency of visits, peak usage hours, preferred activity zones, user demographics, and observed social interactions (families, tourists, elderly, youth)	- Patterns of User Activity: revealed rhythms of use and demographic differences - Informal Spatial Use: showed adaptive practices like gatherings or street vending
Sketch Mapping	Hand-drawn maps to capture spatial relationships, nodes of activity, and informal uses not easily visible in photographs	Informal seating and gathering areas, underutilized spaces, perceived safe/unsafe zones, pedestrian/cyclist flows, and potential tourism hotspots	- Informal Spatial Use: highlighted spontaneous and unregulated uses of space - Tourism Potential: mapped underused areas with development opportunities

. Thus, the items in the table represent a systematic synthesis of empirical site observations translated into structured findings that reveal the practical challenges and potentials of the corridor. Several informal leisure practices and cultural heritage are discussed in Section 2.1: Al-Hada Overview.

To make sense of the field findings alongside institutional feedback, the team used a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). This approach helped not only to map out the spatial strengths and challenges of the corridor but also to reveal the goals and priorities of each participating government agency. By organizing feedback into four analytical categories, the team was able to map how different agencies view the corridor’s development potential, what opportunities they are aiming to leverage, and which obstacles, both spatial and regulatory, may stand in the way. This approach also helped clarify conflicting priorities and revealed areas where cross-agency collaboration could be improved. As showed in Table 2, the use of SWOT in spatial planning is well-supported in the literature as a tool for synthesizing experts’ input in complex urban contexts [2,34].

SWOT was chosen because it is flexible, strategic, and inclusive of diverse data sources, making it particularly suited for urban planning contexts where human perception, cultural identity, and environmental quality are central. Its strength lies in transforming complex, qualitative insights into actionable guidance, aligning directly with the aims of the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework and the broader goals of sustainable urban development. Furthermore, SWOT analysis enabled the study to synthesize stakeholder perspectives, field observations, and expert evaluations into a coherent strategic framework. This holistic approach was essential in addressing the multi-dimensional character of the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF), which cuts across historical, environmental, social, and cultural domains.

In parallel, the expert team conducted a regulatory review to contextualize the observed spatial dynamics within the broader governance framework. This step aimed to assess how current planning regulations and land management policies either support or impede the transformation of Al-Hada into a more inclusive and human-centered corridor. Meetings with municipal officials and representatives from relevant ministries revealed that the corridor was originally designed with a strong emphasis on vehicular mobility, with limited provisions for pedestrian access, leisure infrastructure, or public space design. This oversight is partly attributed to the corridor’s surroundings, which consist of small private tribal villages where much of the land is zoned for agricultural use. Despite the growing informal use of the area for recreation, the persistence of outdated zoning codes, fragmented land ownership, and limited institutional coordination continues to present major challenges. Nevertheless, some officials expressed interest in leveraging these constraints as development opportunities, particularly by engaging local landowners in collaborative planning and adapting existing regulations to support mixed-use and tourism-oriented development.

4.3.2. Stakeholder Interviews

The study conducted 15 stakeholders’ interviews to deepen the understanding of spatial, institutional, and experiential dimensions shaping the Al-Hada Ring Road. The primary purpose of this step was to elicit stakeholder perspectives on the corridor’s existing condition and transformation by exploring their needs, preferences, expectations, and underlying values, while also capturing context-specific insights often overlooked in conventional top-down planning approaches. The justification for having fifteen interviewees is based on the saturation level that is often reached after 12 to 20 interviews [30]. Experts were purposefully selected to represent a diverse variety of interests and influences, including government agencies (urban planners, municipal and ministries officials), private sector investors and tourism developers, some residents and landowners, and frequent visitors from nearby cities, as shown in

Table 5. Distribution of interviewees by group and description.

Interviewee Group	Description	Frequency	Percent
Experts	Professionals with specialized knowledge in planning and design.	7	46.7
Residents	People living in the area with everyday local experience.	3	20.0
Visitors	tourists from nearby cities.	3	20.0
Investors	Stakeholders interested in the area’s economic potential.	2	13.3
	Total	15	100.0

. This diversity allowed for a holistic exploration of how different user groups interact with and envision the corridor.

The integration of two behavioral theories, Person–Environment (P–E) Congruence Theory and the Means–End Chain (MEC) research model, was instrumental in structuring the interviews [31]. The P–E Congruence Theory posits that environments aligned with users’ emotional and cultural needs lead to stronger place attachment, satisfaction, and engagement [32,33] as presented in Table 2. The MEC technique provides a structured method for understanding the association of urban attributes with their consequences and individual values [31,35].

This application ensured that the collected data of interviews gives a deep understanding of each attribute’s affordances, which can be seen through the consequences and driven by the users’ motivational values. Therefore, the interview was structured based on four themes, including strategic goals, current challenges, development opportunities, and design attributes priorities as attached in Appendix A. The results of the stage and the previous stage helped to develop the web-based questionnaire, which triangulates the findings by identifying the perception of a larger and more diverse group of stakeholders.

4.3.3. Web-Based Questionnaire Survey

The Web-based Questionnaire represented the final stage of data collection used to identify the most important urban attributes and social activities along the Al-Hada Ring Road. It was developed based on the findings of earlier data collection stages, experts’ observation, stakeholder interviews, and enhanced by insights from relevant urban behavioral research [36,37]. This triangulated approach ensured that the questionnaire captured respondents’ demographics, visiting companionship patterns, perceptions of urban attributes, future preferences, and preferred social activities, providing both breadth and depth in the analysis [36,37,38,39]. As show in Appendix B, the questionnaire was designed to target both residents and visitors, reflecting the corridor’s diverse human base and multifunctional nature.

A total of 455 valid responses were collected, representing a statistically significant dataset for exploratory and inferential analysis. The questionnaire design is based on the outcomes of the two previous stages, which are experts’ observation outcomes and stakeholders’ interview outcomes, as well as adopted practices in urban behavioral research [24,40]. It was distributed online through social media applications such as WhatsApp across the Makkah region and neighboring cities to maximize diversity and accessibility.

To ensure the validity of the instrument, both content validity and construct validity were established. Content validity was strengthened through the integration of expert review panels consisting of academics and practitioners in urban planning and design, who evaluated each questionnaire item for clarity, relevance, and coverage. Construct validity was ensured by logically grouping items into thematic sections such as demographic information, corridor usage behavior, motivational attributes, and future preferences based on recognized planning frameworks [39]. This alignment enhanced the conceptual coherence and theoretical grounding of the instrument.

Although reliability testing, such as Cronbach’s Alpha, is frequently employed to assess the internal consistency of multi-item scales, it was not applied in this study due to the independent nature of the questionnaire items. The instrument was largely composed of multiple-answer (check-all-that-apply) and standalone questions, each targeting a distinct dimension of user behavior or perception [41]. As these items were not intended to measure a unified latent construct, internal consistency testing would be methodologically inappropriate. Reliability analysis assumes interrelated items, a condition that does not align with the structure or intention of this tool. Instead, methodological emphasis was placed on ensuring validity and thematic coherence, which are more suitable for exploratory and descriptive research within complex, user-diverse urban contexts.

Data processing and analysis were conducted using Microsoft Excel (v.2021) for data cleaning and visualization, while IBM SPSS Statistics (v.21) was employed for descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages) and inferential analysis, including chi-square tests, to explore potential associations between demographic factors (e.g., age, gender, visiting companionship) and urban attribute preferences [42]. For the qualitative dimensions, the Means–End Chain (MEC) laddering analysis was applied to systematically link physical attributes, functional consequences, and personal values, while findings from expert observations and regulatory reviews were synthesized using a SWOT analysis for strategic interpretation [34].

This multi-tool analytical approach enhanced the theoretical depth of the study by integrating findings with Person–Environment (P–E) Congruence Theory and the MEC framework [43]. For instance, correlations identified through Chi-square analysis revealed significant relationships between demographic characteristics and preferences for natural landscapes, shaded seating, and cultural heritage spaces (p < 0.05). These findings support P–E Congruence Theory, which posits that environments aligned with users’ cultural and emotional needs foster place attachment, behavioral engagement, and long-term satisfaction.

Therefore, the dataset was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the respondents’ demographic characteristics, usage motivation patterns, and urban preferences related to the Al-Hada Ring Road. This analysis included frequency distributions and percentage breakdowns for variables such as gender, age, marital status, visiting companionship, respondent type, monthly income, and place of residence. Additionally, user motivations (e.g., good weather, natural areas, cafes and tea shops, spatial proximity, etc.), preferences for urban attributes (e.g., good weather, kids’ playgrounds, gardens, availability of free seating areas, public toilets) and future development priorities were summarized.

Descriptive statistics results are fundamental in survey-based research as they provide a clear picture of the sample structure and allow researchers to identify dominant trends, behavioral patterns, and user expectations [44,45]. These findings offer practical value for urban planners and decision-makers aiming to humanize and enhance the corridor based on evidence of user demand and perception. However, a limitation of this study is the absence of in-depth correlational analysis between demographic variables and motivational or behavioral responses. While descriptive statistics provided foundational insights, correlational tools such as chi-square tests are instrumental in identifying statistically significant associations, which were not comprehensively applied due to constraints of time and resource availability during the data analysis phase.

Future research should expand on this approach by incorporating multivariate statistical methods (e.g., regression models, structural equation modeling) to further examine relationships between user demographics, behavioral preferences, and spatial design features. Such analysis would provide deeper theoretical insights and support evidence-based planning for human-centered, sustainable urban corridors.

5. Results and Discussion

5.1. Data Analysis and Results

The Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF) is grounded in a structured conceptual framework and guided by systematic data analysis. The three stages of data collection were analyzed using appropriate qualitative and quantitative methods to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, as well as the validity and reliability of the findings. The following sections present and interpret the results from each stage of the data collection process.

5.1.1. Data Analysis of Expert Observations and Regulatory Review

To initiate the empirical assessment of the Al-Hada Ring Road corridor, a specialized Expert Observation Group was established, comprising urban planners, architects, transportation engineers, environmental analysts, and heritage conservation professionals. Before conducting the site visit, the experts held focus group discussions with representatives from the Municipality of Taif, the Ministry of Tourism, and other key agencies to gain an understanding of the institutional objectives, development priorities, and long-term visions for the area. These discussions provided critical insights into why the corridor was identified as a strategic development zone and clarified the policy gaps and investment aspirations shaping the proposed interventions.

Following the institutional engagement, the team prepared standardized observation protocols and spatial mapping templates using Google Maps to enable a systematic analysis of base maps in comparison with the existing on-site conditions through a SWOT analysis. Prior to the field visit, the experts also reviewed planning regulations, official land use maps, and high-resolution satellite imagery provided by municipal consultants during the focus group meetings. This preparatory phase ensured that the site visit was both evidence-driven and aligned with the development objectives articulated by local authorities and tourism agencies.

Upon arrival at the study area, the experts systematically traversed the entire corridor using vehicular and pedestrian modes to document existing conditions through geotagged photographs, sketch mapping, and structured field notes. The observations encompassed land use distribution, walkability conditions, mobility infrastructure, heritage sites, environmental assets, and informal activities such as food vending and recreational gatherings. Using the SWOT framework, the findings were categorized to identify the strengths (e.g., natural landscapes, heritage assets), weaknesses (e.g., lack of pedestrian facilities, absence of signage), opportunities (e.g., eco-tourism potential, cultural branding), and threats (e.g., safety hazards, unregulated construction) shaping the development trajectory of the corridor, as illustrated in Figure 6 and Figure 7.

This integrated methodological approach, beginning with institutional consultation and followed by empirical fieldwork, provided a comprehensive, multi-dimensional understanding of spatial, social, and regulatory challenges. It ensured that subsequent stakeholder engagement and planning proposals were firmly grounded in both policy perspectives and evidence-based field assessments, thereby enhancing the validity, transferability, and replicability of the research framework for similar urban corridors in arid and tourism-sensitive regions.

The outcomes of the site visits are summarized in

Table 6. Summary of field observation findings.

Field Observations Findings	Details
Informal Use of Pedestrian Sidewalks	Sidewalks used for sitting, barbecuing, and camping
Inconsistent and Overlapping Land Uses	Presence of agricultural, commercial, and residential land uses without unified zoning
Uncontrolled Conversion of Agricultural Land	Conversion of agricultural land into unregulated concrete structures
High Vehicular Speed (80–100 km/h)	High vehicular speeds that pose pedestrian safety risks
Informal Food Trucks and Vendors	Food trucks and vendors creating visual clutter and unmanaged public spaces
Lack of Wayfinding Signage	No clear signage for visitors or wayfinding systems
Absence of Basic Infrastructure	Lack of public toilets, shaded seating, and waste disposal systems
Solid Waste Accumulation	Waste accumulation during peak visitor seasons
Lack of Dedicated Pedestrian and Cycling Lanes	No dedicated lanes for pedestrians or cyclists, despite informal usage
New Constructions Lacking Architectural Coherence	New buildings lack architectural unity and disconnect from local heritage
Reliance on Private Vehicles	Complete reliance on private vehicles due to a lack of public transport options
Neglect of Historical Sites	Historical sites neglected and not integrated into tourism planning
Underutilization of Scenic Viewpoints	Scenic viewpoints and environmental assets underutilized
Limited Economic Activation	Despite high tourism potential, limited economic development

, which presents the key findings from field observations along the Al-Hada Ring Road corridor. These observations assessed the existing condition and highlighted a range of spatial and functional challenges that impact the quality, safety, and identity of the corridor.

As shown in Figure 7, one of the most prominent issues is the informal use of pedestrian sidewalks for activities such as sitting, cooking, barbecuing, and camping, suggesting a lack of designated public gathering spaces that accommodate visitors’ social needs.

The area also demonstrates inconsistent and overlapping land uses, where agricultural, commercial, and residential functions coexist without a unified zoning code or coordinated development guidelines. This lack of planning control has led to the unregulated transformation of agricultural lands into concrete tourism-oriented structures, which significantly undermines the rural and environmental character of the area.

Another major concern is the high vehicular speed (90–100 km/h) along the corridor, which is incompatible with areas of informal pedestrian activity and raises serious safety risks. The presence of informal food trucks and vendors contributes to visual clutter and unmanaged use of public space. Additionally, the absence of wayfinding signage and clear directional systems makes navigation difficult, especially for first-time visitors. I found that there is a shortage of basic infrastructure, such as public toilets, shaded seating areas, and proper sidewalks, which reduces the efficiency of the space, especially for families and groups.

The area attracts many pedestrians and cyclists during the peak seasons, and it suffers from proper sidewalks and bike lanes, which puts users at risk by forcing them to share the road with vehicles. Regarding architectural identity, the new buildings lack architectural identity and heritage because of the absence of building codes and regulations. The experts also revealed that the lack of public transportation modes makes users rely on private cars for transportation.

Regarding the environment, the experts highlight that the historical heritage areas and landmarks were overlooked. The natural areas are underutilized, representing missed opportunities for economic, cultural, tourism, agricultural, and sustainable development. They found that Al-Hada Ring Road remains economically underdeveloped, and it suffers from the lack of strategic planning and formal investment structures. These findings provide a clear picture of the current condition of Al-Hada Ring Road and highlight the urgent need for planning solutions.

Building on the initial site visit, where numerous regulatory and planning questions emerged regarding informal construction practices, overlooked heritage areas, and underutilized natural assets, the expert team proceeded to a second phase of inquiry involving focus group discussions with relevant government agencies. This transition was essential to move from empirical observations to a deeper understanding of the institutional and regulatory frameworks shaping the Al-Hada Ring Road corridor. By engaging municipal authorities, planning departments, and tourism agencies, the experts sought clarification on the existence of formal development visions, regulatory instruments, and enforcement mechanisms governing land use, building codes, and strategic planning efforts. This step ensured that the environmental, cultural, and economic issues identified during the site visit were critically examined in the context of existing policies and institutional responsibilities, thereby creating a comprehensive basis for evaluating the corridor’s developmental trajectory.

This assessment encompassed land use and land ownership analysis, building codes, and development guidelines, including a critical examination of ownership patterns. The regulatory framework was further examined through a series of focus groups and workshops, where representatives from key governmental bodies presented the regulations governing development in the area. For example, the Municipality of Taif provided the official land use map, building height regulations, and setback requirements for different zones. These regulations were subsequently discussed and critically evaluated during the focus group and workshop sessions to ensure a comprehensive understanding of their implications for future urban development.

The adoption of the expert site visit was particularly appropriate given its capacity to capture specialized, context-specific insights that are often unattainable through general surveys or secondary data sources. Engaging experts such as urban planners, architects, policymakers, and sustainability practitioners provided access to both technical knowledge and practical experience necessary to evaluate complex parameters, including spatial integration, cultural identity, and environmental responsiveness. Their informed perspectives ensured that assessments were grounded in professional judgment rather than subjective impressions. Moreover, expert surveys facilitated timely and focused data collection, reducing interpretive ambiguities while complementing user-based surveys. This integrated approach enhanced the framework’s robustness, ensuring that the proposed design strategies were firmly aligned with both theoretical foundations and professional practice imperatives.

After assessing the existing condition, structured workshops were held with different stakeholders, including agencies from Taif Municipality (Planning and Investment Departments), the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Tourism, private investors, and planning professionals. These workshops validate the field findings, reveal policy gaps, and clarify institutional priorities and visions. By combining both findings of the site visit and interpreting them with reviewing the regulations, several issues were identified, including fragmented land ownership that blocks large-scale development, outdated zoning that does not reflect current uses, weak coordination between agencies, and a lack of infrastructure to support tourism growth.

According to the stakeholders’ visions, Taif Municipality expressed interest in turning government-managed areas into income-generating spaces. The Ministry of Culture emphasized the importance of heritage preservation, while the Ministry of Tourism promoted rural tourism, eco-lodging, and private sector participation. All agencies are looking forward to sustainable income as a main goal that planners and designers must consider for drawing development plans.

Therefore, the expert team used a SWOT analysis to categorize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to both spatial conditions and institutional frameworks (

Table 7. SWOT matrix of the Al-Hada Ring Road corridor.

Strengths	Weaknesses	Opportunities	Threats
Natural landscapes and scenic viewpoints	Lack of a unified land use code	Potential for eco-tourism development	Risk of flash floods and natural hazards
Government interest in sustainable investment	Inadequate infrastructure and public amenities	Branding based on cultural and heritage identity	Vehicular safety hazards on high-speed roads
Presence of cultural and heritage assets	Absence of public transportation	Utilization of local materials	Legal constraints from fragmented land ownership
Good weather	Neglect of heritage areas	Improved stakeholder alignment and investment interest	Potential exclusion of rural communities from development benefits

). This helped assess the corridor’s potential and the barriers that must be addressed to guide sustainable development [34].

The key strengths identified included the natural landscapes and scenic viewpoints, government interest in sustainable investment, the presence of cultural and heritage assets, and good weather. Weaknesses included the lack of a unified land use code, inadequate infrastructure, the absence of public transportation, and the neglect of heritage areas. Opportunities emerged in the form of eco-tourism, heritage branding, the use of local materials, and increased stakeholder alignment. However, several threats were also identified, including flash floods, traffic-related safety risks, legal challenges from fragmented land ownership, and the potential exclusion of rural communities from the benefits of future development.

In conclusion, this stage revealed the complex socio-spatial behavior and the influence of regulations that shape Al-Hada Ring Road. It emphasized the importance of combining field assessments with institutional perspectives to develop context-sensitive, feasible, and inclusive planning solutions. These findings are the basis for the next stages of data collection, including stakeholders’ interviews and a web-based questionnaire, which will be used for triangulated and generalized data for future development.

5.1.2. Data Analysis of Stakeholder Interviews

The content of fifteen stakeholders’ interviews was coded and analyzed using manual and matrix-based analysis. Applying the Means–End Chain (MEC) helped to link the urban attributes such as good weather, walkability, natural picnic spaces, public amenities, and landscape qualities to users’ emotional, cultural, and functional needs [46]. Utilizing this method helped to elicit both tangible urban attributes (such as walking paths, picnic areas, and public toilets) and intangible qualities (such as tranquility, sense of safety, emotional relaxation, and social cohesion) that encouraged visitors to come to Al-Hada Ring Road. By understanding these interconnected motivations, the analysis provided deeper information on how environmental design supports the physical engagement and emotional attachment of social well-being.

As shown in

Table 8. Elicited attributes, consequences, and values from stakeholder interviews.

Attribute	N	Consequence	N	Value	N
Good Weather	14	Comfortable Outdoor Experience	13	Hedonism	12
Natural Picnic Spaces	10	Relaxation in Nature	8	Security	9
Cafes and Tea Shops	9	Enjoyment of Food and Beverages	7	Benevolence	10
Public Toilets	6	Ease of Navigation and Movement	5	Self-Direction	6
Walking Paths	5	Family Gathering	9	-	-
Free Seating	5	Stress Relief and Mental Well-being	10	-	-
Tranquil Environment	5	Freedom of Movement	5	-	-
Heritage Areas	5	Emotional Bonding and Social Cohesion	8	-	-
Safety Infrastructure	3	Enhanced Recreational Satisfaction	4	-	-
Restaurants and Food Trucks	3	-	-	-	-
Kids Playgrounds	3	-	-	-	-
Cleanliness	2	-	-	-	-

, the analysis resulted in the elicitation of 12 key urban attributes, 9 distinct functional and emotional consequences, and 4 higher-order values derived from Schwartz’s value framework. These figures illustrate the layered complexity of stakeholder perceptions and confirm the multi-dimensional role of environmental design in shaping visitor experiences.

Based on elicited data, several Hierarchical Value Maps (HVMs) were constructed. For instance, good weather was found to lead to a comfortable outdoor experience and social activity, which subsequently linked to core human values such as hedonism (pleasure and enjoyment), security (peace of mind), and benevolence (social connectedness). Similarly, natural spaces and public toilets contributed to outcomes like family bonding, relaxation in nature, and movement, reinforcing the importance of combining environmental, social, and recreational qualities in urban corridors (Figure 8).

As shown in Figure 9, a threshold was applied, focusing on attributes and consequences mentioned by at least 5 respondents to streamline the visual representation of the HVMs. Attributes and consequences mentioned by fewer participants were summarized in the general interpretation to maintain clarity. Nevertheless, all collected data were fully considered during the second research stage, ensuring a comprehensive reflection of stakeholder views in the design of the structured questionnaire. The final categorized insights were organized into spatial preferences, institutional visions, perceived challenges, and long-term aspirations. These findings directly informed the construction of the structured questionnaire, ensuring it reflected not only environmental attributes but also the emotional and social values perceived by end users.

5.1.3. Data Analysis of Web-Based Questionnaire

The analysis of the web-based questionnaire represents a pivotal component of the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF), serving to validate and generalize the qualitative findings from expert observations and stakeholder interviews. A total of 455 valid responses were collected, forming a statistically robust sample for exploratory descriptive analysis. Data was processed using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS (Version 21), focusing primarily on frequency distributions due to the multiple-answer structure of most survey questions (

Table 9. Demographic profile of web-based questionnaire respondents.

Demographic Characteristics	Description	Frequency	Percent
Gender	Male	398	87.5
	Female	57	12.5
Age	20 and less	4	0.9
	21–30	104	22.9
	31–40	186	40.9
	41–50	108	23.7
	More than 50	53	11.6
Marital status	Single	109	23.96
	Married	346	76.04
Visiting Companionship	Family	334	58.49
	Friends	178	31.17
	Alone	59	10.33
Respondent Type	Visitor	382	84.0
	Owner	59	13.0
	Investor	14	3.0
Monthly Income	3000 or less	87	19.1
	3001—5000	45	9.9
	5001–10,000	122	26.8
	10,001 and more	201	44.2
Place of Residence	Makkah	299	65.7
	Jeddah	65	14.3
	Taif	32	7.0
	Riyadh	23	5.1
	Madinah	13	2.9
	Others (Jazan, Yanbu, Tabuk, Dammam)	36	7.9
	Total	455	100.0

).

The demographic analysis showed that 87.5% of the respondents were male, where males are more likely to use public open spaces. This pattern is influenced by cultural norms and also by the fact that the survey team consisted only of male researchers, which may have limited female participation. The majority of participants were aged 31–50 years (64.6%), which is the age group most active in work and social life. They are also often responsible for family activities and mobility. This agrees with the findings from expert field observations that were conducted in the first stage, which highlight that middle-aged adults play a key role in shaping outdoor activities. They were also more likely to participate in the online survey, as they generally have greater access to web-based tools compared to older adults who may face challenges in using digital platforms and younger individuals, who may lack the resources or interest to engage in such activities.

Most respondents (76.04%) were married, and 58.5% reported visiting the corridor with family, confirming the corridor’s use as a family-oriented public space. This supports Carmona’s (2021) suggestion that well-designed corridors should be inclusive and support group-based activities [2]. In terms of user type, 84% were visitors, while only 13% were landowners and 3% were investors. This indicates that the Al-Hada corridor is mostly used for temporary recreation rather than permanent living or business. Moreover, 44.2% of the sample had monthly incomes above SAR 10,000, suggesting that many users may have higher expectations for services, comfort, and design quality, as seen in other high-income urban user groups.

Geographically, most responses came from Makkah (65.7%), followed by Jeddah (14.3%) and Taif (7%), showing that the Al-Hada Ring Road is an important regional destination. These patterns support the idea that the corridor plays a key role as a recreational and social space for nearby urban populations. They also highlight the need to improve natural, clean, and accessible environments that respond to the needs of middle-aged, family-oriented, and urban-based users’ goals that are strongly aligned with the Saudi Vision 2030 agenda for vibrant and livable cities [1,19].

Figure 10 illustrates the most frequently selected motivational urban attributes, where good weather (93.8%), natural recreational spaces (66.8%), and cafes and tea shops (59.8%) were the most frequently selected responses. These results are consistent with expert observations of high activity concentrations in shaded natural areas and near informal gathering spots like roadside cafés and tea stands. Stakeholders, including local entrepreneurs and service providers, emphasized that the climate and access to leisure amenities were central to attracting visitors, especially on weekends and holidays.

The inclusion of multiple response options was crucial here, as visitors’ motivations were not singular. The tendency to value combinations of comfort, food, and natural ambiance aligns with the Means–End Chain (MEC) analysis from the interviews, where such attributes were linked to emotional and functional benefits like stress relief, social bonding, and hedonic satisfaction.

In regard to the preferred urban attributes,

Table 10. Descriptive statistics of preferred urban attributes by category.

Category	Urban Attributes	Frequency	Percentage
Availability of Amenities	Natural areas, parks, picnic, camping, and hiking areas	361	79.3
	Cafes and tea shops	272	59.8
	Kids’ playgrounds, gardens	264	58
	Availability of free seating areas	206	45.3
	Heritage areas	155	34.1
	Local product shops and farmers’ markets	154	33.8
	Grocery stores and kiosks	121	26.6
	Mosques	120	26.4
	Restaurants and food trucks	112	24.6
	Health facilities	87	19.1
	Horse and ATV tracks	83	18.2
	Hotels and resorts	33	7.3
	Police and security stations	5	1.1
Availability of Infrastructure	Public toilets	198	43.5
	Sidewalks	142	31.2
	Parking	93	20.4
	Lighting	90	19.8
	Cell and internet coverage	88	19.3
	Roads and streets	78	17.1
	Trach disposals	63	13.8
	Bike lanes	6	1.3
	Bus stops	4	0.9
Accessibility	Spatial proximity	171	37.6
	Convenient access	73	16.0
	Alternative modes of transportation	7	1.5
Environmental Quality	Weather	434	95.4
	Tranquility	172	37.8
	Safety and security	76	16.7
	Cleanliness and environmental hygiene	57	12.5
	Affordability	37	8.1
	Quality of services	30	6.6

presents the frequency and percentage of responses identifying preferred urban attributes, grouped into four major categories: availability of amenities, availability of infrastructure, accessibility, and environmental quality. These categories were derived based on the theoretical framework and stakeholder input developed in previous research phases (see Section 3). The questionnaire allowed for multiple answers, thus responses reflect collective preferences rather than exclusive choices.

As shown in Table 10, the evaluation order follows a logical progression from the most immediate and tangible urban needs toward broader environmental considerations. First, the availability of amenities reflects the direct functional and social elements that influence users’ daily experiences, such as recreational, commercial, and cultural facilities. Second, the availability of infrastructure captures the physical and technical systems that enable basic urban functionality and convenience. Third, accessibility addresses the spatial and mobility dimensions that facilitate users’ movement and interaction across urban areas. Finally, environmental quality emphasizes the broader ecological and climatic factors contributing to long-term livability and sustainability.

This structured approach ensures that respondents’ preferences are analyzed across layers of urban experience, progressing from individual-level necessities to collective environmental benefits.

The availability of amenities attributes received the highest concentration of responses. The most frequently selected attribute was natural areas, parks, picnic areas, camping areas, and hiking areas (79.3%), followed by cafes and tea shops (59.8%) and kids’ playgrounds and gardens (58%). This indicates a strong public preference for nature-based, leisure-oriented environments, consistent with a growing body of research that highlights the restorative, social, and cultural value of green and open spaces in urban settings [4,47]. Additionally, the attributes such as free seating areas (45.3%) and heritage areas (34.1%) underscore the importance of comfort and cultural continuity in the design of public spaces. The lower frequencies for health facilities (19.1%), horse and ATV tracks (18.2%), and hotels and resorts (7.3%) suggest that while visitors appreciate recreational and heritage amenities, these are secondary to more casual and accessible features. Only 1.1% selected police and security stations, possibly reflecting implicit assumptions of general safety or a lower perceived value of visible security infrastructure during leisure activities.

The second category, availability of infrastructure, received moderate preference levels. Public toilets were most cited (43.5%), followed by sidewalks (31.2%) and parking (20.4%), highlighting the importance of basic mobility and hygiene services. Lower preferences for lighting, cell coverage, and road conditions suggest that digital and vehicular infrastructure are less prioritized. This may be due to their existing availability, making them less noticeable to respondents, or because most visits are short and centered on leisure and nature, reducing the perceived need for extensive infrastructure upgrades. The relatively low selection of bike lanes (1.3%) and bus stops (0.9%) may indicate a gap in the integration of alternative transportation modes or a cultural preference for private vehicles, consistent with regional mobility behavior.

Accessibility attributes received relatively low emphasis overall, with spatial proximity (37.6%) rated highest, followed by convenient access (16.0%). These findings are consistent with expert observations and stakeholder interviews, which have highlighted that most visitors rely on private vehicles and prefer destinations that are easy to reach without the need for complex transport systems. The very low preference for alternative transportation modes (1.5%) reinforces this behavior, reflecting limited use of public transit and a cultural reliance on direct, car-based access. As such, proximity remains more critical than the availability of transport infrastructure, particularly for short, leisure-focused visits.

Environmental Quality attributes were among the most influential factors in visitors’ preferences. Good weather was the most cited individual attribute across the entire dataset (95.4%), highlighting the essential role of climate comfort in shaping outdoor activities, particularly in arid and hot regions like western Saudi Arabia. Tranquility followed at 37.8%, emphasizing the value of quiet and peaceful environments that support emotional and psychological well-being. While attributes such as safety and security (16.7%), cleanliness (12.5%), affordability (8.1%), and quality of services (6.6%) received lower percentages, this may not indicate a lack of importance but rather a perception of their adequacy respondents may consider these elements to be already acceptable or available, and thus less in need of attention. Overall, the findings suggest that visitors primarily seek to enjoy the natural setting and favorable weather in a calm, undisturbed atmosphere, where tranquility and comfort take precedence over economic or service-based concerns.

The strong preference for natural and comfortable urban attributes identified in the survey results highlights a critical need for integrated green infrastructure and accessible, low-impact amenities in urban planning, particularly for tourism and public engagement. These findings support and expand upon earlier insights from stakeholder interviews and expert observations, which emphasized environmental integration, walkability, and social cohesion as central to transforming urban corridors such as the Al-Hada Ring Road. The dominant respondent group, middle-aged users, demonstrated a clear interest in outdoor experiences that combine cultural connection, relaxation, and scenic quality. Importantly, the data reveal that users are not looking for high-tech or heavily urbanized interventions; rather, they are drawn to the simplicity and emotional value of natural landscapes, fresh air, and favorable weather conditions, evidenced by the 95.4% citation of good weather as a key motivation. As such, the design implications are clear: future interventions should avoid disruptive or technologically intensive development and instead adopt a nature-sensitive approach that preserves native vegetation, respects existing topography, and enhances microclimatic comfort. These user-driven preferences directly influence the kinds of activities visitors are most likely to enjoy, which are explored in the following section.

The final section of the web-based questionnaire was designed to identify the types of activities visitors most commonly engage in while visiting the Al-Hada Ring Road. The responses reflect a clear preference for informal, nature-based, and socially inclusive experiences, consistent with the environmental and spatial preferences discussed in the previous sections.

As summarized in Figure 10, the most commonly reported activities were relaxation and passive recreation (78.7%), followed closely by outdoor cooking and grilling (69.2%) and enjoying natural scenery (64.6%). These activities require minimal infrastructure but high environmental quality, reinforcing the earlier conclusion that users value climate comfort, tranquility, and access to green open spaces over built or commercialized interventions. Similarly, informal sidewalk seating (60.9%) and children’s entertainment (46.2%) further support the importance of family-friendly, comfortable, and sociable spaces.

The findings also reveal that many visitors are interested in engaging with local culture and economy, as reflected by preferences for purchasing local products (41.5%) and exploring cultural and historical landmarks (34.5%). These results suggest that visitors are not only motivated by nature and comfort but also seek authentic cultural engagement, aligning with national goals to promote heritage tourism and community-based economic development, as outlined in Saudi Vision 2030 [19].

While lower in frequency, activities such as agri-tourism (29.9%), café sitting (29.9%), horse riding (18.2%), shopping (16.9%), and cycling (14.3%) represent emerging or underdeveloped opportunities. These could be enhanced through strategic planning and infrastructure improvements that maintain the natural and cultural character of the corridor. However, any future development must be carefully balanced to preserve the area’s environmental sensitivity and its appeal as a peaceful retreat, as emphasized by earlier expert observations and stakeholder interviews.

Overall, the activity preferences demonstrate that users are drawn to the corridor for a blend of restorative, recreational, and culturally immersive experiences. This supports the broader conclusion that planning for such spaces should prioritize low-impact, ecologically integrated, and community-aligned design interventions, providing visitors with meaningful yet sustainable ways to engage with the landscape.

5.2. Policy and Planning Implications

The findings of this study present significant implications for urban planners, municipal authorities, and policymakers seeking to implement sustainable, inclusive, and culturally grounded development strategies. The Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF), developed through a triangulated mixed-method approach, provides a replicable and context-sensitive tool for integrating user needs into the design and governance of urban corridors, especially in arid regions such as western Saudi Arabia.

5.2.1. Short-Term Design Responses: Low-Impact, High-Value Interventions

The immediate design priority emerging from this study is the implementation of low-impact, high-value interventions that address users’ primary needs without compromising the ecological and cultural integrity of the space. These include basic but essential amenities such as shaded seating areas, clean and accessible public toilets, intuitive signage, and informal social zones for families and small groups. Such design responses not only fulfill practical needs, but also contribute to place attachment and stress relief, critical dimensions of human well-being in public spaces [2,3]. In arid and hot climates like western Saudi Arabia, climate comfort remains a crucial factor in outdoor usability [4], and thus, design must focus on microclimatic adaptation over technological interventions. These short-term solutions are cost-effective, easily implementable, and align with observed user behavior favoring passive recreation and nature immersion.

5.2.2. Long-Term Strategic Actions: Institutionalizing Humanized Planning

Beyond immediate interventions, the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF) offers a strategic model that can be institutionalized within planning agencies. This involves embedding HSCF principles into corridor zoning regulations, design review protocols, and public participation platforms. HSCF links user urban needs and spatial policy outcomes that enable planners to combine both top-down design decisions and a grassroots evidence-based approach to iterative planning cycles. This conceptual framework aligns with other frameworks in urban design that emphasize user-centered and context-aware development, where people’s experiences and preferences are seen as indicators of an urban quality [48,49]. Therefore, HSCF guides spatial design and becomes a governance instrument for long-term resilience and sustainability development plans.

5.2.3. HSCF with Saudi Vision 2030

Implementing the HSCF comes in line with Saudi Vision 2030’s goals by creating livable cities. Emphasizing natural heritage, walkability, and recreational spaces aligns closely with the goals of the “Quality of Life Program,” which aims to ensure equal access to leisure and cultural services for all [19,50]. Moreover, the framework promotes community participation and user behavior also aligns with the principles of Knowledge-Based Urban Development (KBUD), which emphasize the use of local knowledge, data, and stakeholder input to support flexible and responsive urban planning [48]. By rooting urban transformation in real user experiences and the principles of spatial justice, the HSCF connects national strategic goals with users’ needs and experiences of communities.

6. Conclusions

This study introduced the Humanizing Sustainable Corridors Framework (HSCF) as a user-centered, evidence-driven approach for humanizing linear corridors in arid, culturally significant contexts, and applied it to the Al-Hada Ring Road through a triangulated design combining expert observations and regulatory review, stakeholder interviews (n = 15; Means–End Chain laddering), and a web-based questionnaire (n = 455). Across methods, results consistently show strong preferences for nature-based amenities and quiet, passive recreation: weather (95.4%) and natural areas, parks, picnics, and camping (79.3%) were the dominant drivers, followed by cafés/tea shops (59.8%); families were the most common visiting group (58.5%). Basic infrastructure needs were clear public toilets (43.5%) and sidewalks (31.2%), while interest in alternative transport modes (1.5%) and bike lanes (1.3%) was minimal. Together with expert/regulatory findings (e.g., safety risks on high-speed segments, informal sidewalk uses, and under-activated heritage assets), these patterns support low-impact, nature-sensitive enhancements rather than high-tech or heavily urbanized interventions.

Scientifically, the study contributes a replicable operational model that links observed spatial and institutional conditions and stakeholder values to measurable corridor parameters: walkability, connectivity, microclimate, comfort, cultural identity, heritage, safety, amenities, and accessibility inclusion. By integrating interview-based value chains with survey generalization, HSCF bridges the gap between qualitative insight and quantitative evidence, advancing corridor-humanization scholarship for arid, tourism-sensitive regions where validated, user-centered tools are scarce. Methodologically, the framework demonstrates a transparent, triangulated pipeline (calibration protocols, standardized checklists, and geotagged documentation) that enhances validity, reliability, and replicability, and provides traceability from materials and procedures to reported outputs.

Practically, the findings translate into a prioritized playbook of actions. Near-term, high-value measures include shaded seating and picnic areas, clean and accessible public toilets, intuitive wayfinding, traffic calming near activity nodes, and heritage site activation that respects local identity and environmental limits. In the longer term, HSCF can be institutionalized by embedding its parameters in corridor zoning, design review checklists, investment sequencing, and participatory platforms. These directions align with Saudi Vision 2030, notably the Quality of Life Program, by emphasizing livability, cultural continuity, inclusivity, and prudent resource use, and they equip municipalities and partners with a decision framework for phasing improvements and monitoring performance.

The framework is transferable to other linear corridors (ring roads, scenic routes, peri-urban connectors) with comparable climatic and cultural profiles. The study details the materials, instruments, and analytical steps needed for replication and scaling, enabling agencies to sequence investments, track key performance indicators (comfort, safety, walkability, heritage activation), and co-design interventions with communities. Limitations include potential sampling imbalance (male-dominant responses) and seasonal variability; these are partially mitigated by triangulation across methods but warrant attention in future applications. Subsequent work will extend HSCF with GIS-based spatial analytics (e.g., thermal comfort, accessibility, and safety mapping) and participatory monitoring to support adaptive management across seasons and user groups. Overall, HSCF offers a generalizable, user-centered pathway from everyday experience to implementable corridor design and governance, demonstrating how humanized sustainability can be operationalized in arid settings.