Digitalization Risks in the Bioeconomy: An Enterprise-Level Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Findings
- Security risks;
- Technology risks;
- 3.
- Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools;
- 4.
- Skills of the clients to use digital tools;
- 5.
- Other risks.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Level of Education | No Answer | Highly Significant | Significant | Moderately Significant | Not Very Significant | Insignificant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Security risks | ||||||
Secondary education | 18.5% | 7.4% | 22.2% | 33.3% | 14.8% | 3.7% |
Higher education | 5.7% | 40.2% | 29.9% | 17.2% | 4.6% | 2.3% |
Master’s level education | 7.3% | 32.7% | 29.1% | 18.2% | 5.5% | 7.3% |
Technological risks | ||||||
Secondary education | 11.1% | 7.4% | 51.9% | 11.1% | 18.5% | 0.0% |
Higher education | 3.4% | 35.6% | 34.5% | 19.5% | 5.7% | 1.1% |
Master’s level education | 3.6% | 29.1% | 38.2% | 16.4% | 9.1% | 3.6% |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | ||||||
Secondary education | 11.1% | 7.4% | 51.9% | 11.1% | 18.5% | 0.0% |
Higher education | 3.4% | 35.6% | 34.5% | 19.5% | 5.7% | 1.1% |
Master’s level education | 3.6% | 29.1% | 38.2% | 16.4% | 9.1% | 3.6% |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | ||||||
Secondary education | 11.1% | 11.1% | 44.4% | 25.9% | 7.4% | 0.0% |
Higher education | 3.4% | 32.2% | 34.5% | 18.4% | 8.0% | 3.4% |
Master’s level education | 9.1% | 16.4% | 38.2% | 16.4% | 14.5% | 5.5% |
Other risks | ||||||
Secondary education | 74.1% | 3.7% | 7.4% | 7.4% | 3.7% | 3.7% |
Higher education | 82.8% | 3.4% | 1.1% | 4.6% | 1.1% | 6.9% |
Master’s level education | 81.8% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 3.6% | 1.8% | 12.7% |
Level of Education | No Answer | Highly Significant | Significant | Moderately Significant | Not Very Significant | Insignificant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Security risks | ||||||
Secondary education | 3.7% | 33.3% | 22.2% | 22.2% | 11.1% | 7.4% |
Higher education | 8.9% | 21.4% | 32.1% | 30.4% | 7.1% | 0.0% |
Master’s level education | 7.8% | 34.4% | 34.4% | 12.5% | 9.4% | 1.6% |
Technological risks | ||||||
Secondary education | 7.4% | 37.0% | 29.6% | 18.5% | 0.0% | 7.4% |
Higher education | 5.4% | 21.4% | 53.6% | 14.3% | 5.4% | 0.0% |
Master’s level education | 6.3% | 31.3% | 37.5% | 15.6% | 6.3% | 3.1% |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | ||||||
Secondary education | 7.4% | 22.2% | 29.6% | 25.9% | 11.1% | 3.7% |
Higher education | 12.5% | 16.1% | 28.6% | 33.9% | 7.1% | 1.8% |
Master’s level education | 10.9% | 17.2% | 31.3% | 31.3% | 4.7% | 4.7% |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | ||||||
Secondary education | 7.4% | 29.6% | 29.6% | 22.2% | 3.7% | 7.4% |
Higher education | 5.4% | 28.6% | 30.4% | 25.0% | 7.1% | 3.6% |
Master’s level education | 9.4% | 18.8% | 26.6% | 31.3% | 10.9% | 3.1% |
Other risks | ||||||
Secondary education | 55.6% | 0.0% | 3.7% | 14.8% | 0.0% | 25.9% |
Higher education | 75.0% | 1.8% | 0.0% | 7.1% | 3.6% | 12.5% |
Master’s level education | 78.1% | 3.1% | 1.6% | 4.7% | 1.6% | 10.9% |
Age | No Answer | Highly Significant | Significant | Moderately Significant | Not Very Significant | Insignificant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Security risks | ||||||
<25 years | 20.0% | 30.0% | 10.0% | 30.0% | 0.0% | 10.0% |
26–35 years | 7.5% | 26.4% | 35.8% | 20.8% | 7.5% | 1.9% |
36–45 years | 4.0% | 30.0% | 34.0% | 18.0% | 10.0% | 4.0% |
46–55 years | 7.9% | 42.1% | 21.1% | 26.3% | 2.6% | 0.0% |
56–65 years | 16.7% | 44.4% | 16.7% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 11.1% |
>65 years | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% |
Technological risks | ||||||
<25 years | 0.0% | 50.0% | 40.0% | 10.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
26–35 years | 1.9% | 24.5% | 49.1% | 17.0% | 5.7% | 1.9% |
36–45 years | 4.0% | 30.0% | 32.0% | 24.0% | 8.0% | 2.0% |
46–55 years | 5.3% | 31.6% | 34.2% | 15.8% | 13.2% | 0.0% |
56–65 years | 16.7% | 27.8% | 33.3% | 5.6% | 11.1% | 5.6% |
>65 years | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | ||||||
<25 years | 0.0% | 10.0% | 20.0% | 50.0% | 10.0% | 10.0% |
26–35 years | 1.9% | 9.4% | 37.7% | 32.1% | 13.2% | 5.7% |
36–45 years | 6.0% | 8.0% | 40.0% | 32.0% | 8.0% | 6.0% |
46–55 years | 7.9% | 10.5% | 36.8% | 28.9% | 13.2% | 2.6% |
56–65 years | 11.1% | 11.1% | 38.9% | 33.3% | 0.0% | 5.6% |
>65 years | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | ||||||
<25 years | 0.0% | 20.0% | 10.0% | 50.0% | 10.0% | 10.0% |
26–35 years | 3.8% | 22.6% | 45.3% | 13.2% | 13.2% | 1.9% |
36–45 years | 8.0% | 14.0% | 50.0% | 20.0% | 6.0% | 2.0% |
46–55 years | 5.3% | 39.5% | 26.3% | 15.8% | 10.5% | 2.6% |
56–65 years | 16.7% | 22.2% | 22.2% | 22.2% | 5.6% | 11.1% |
>65 years | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% |
Other risks | ||||||
<25 years | 70.0% | 10.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 20.0% |
26–35 years | 79.2% | 5.7% | 1.9% | 3.8% | 1.9% | 7.5% |
36–45 years | 78.0% | 0.0% | 4.0% | 10.0% | 2.0% | 6.0% |
46–55 years | 84.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 10.5% |
56–65 years | 94.4% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 5.6% |
>65 years | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Age | No Answer | Highly Significant | Significant | Moderately Significant | Not Very Significant | Insignificant |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Security risks | ||||||
<25 years | 16.7% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 50.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
26–35 years | 9.8% | 27.5% | 33.3% | 15.7% | 9.8% | 3.9% |
36–45 years | 4.2% | 37.5% | 31.3% | 18.8% | 8.3% | 0.0% |
46–55 years | 7.1% | 25.0% | 28.6% | 32.1% | 7.1% | 0.0% |
56–65 years | 8.3% | 25.0% | 25.0% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 8.3% |
>65 years | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Technological risks | ||||||
<25 years | 16.7% | 16.7% | 66.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
26–35 years | 5.9% | 29.4% | 43.1% | 15.7% | 0.0% | 5.9% |
36–45 years | 4.2% | 37.5% | 43.8% | 12.5% | 2.1% | 0.0% |
46–55 years | 7.1% | 17.9% | 39.3% | 28.6% | 7.1% | 8.3% |
56–65 years | 8.3% | 25.0% | 16.7% | 8.3% | 33.3% | |
>65 years | 0.0% | 0.0% | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | ||||||
<25 years | 16.7% | 16.7% | 33.3% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 0.0% |
26–35 years | 11.8% | 17.6% | 23.5% | 37.3% | 7.8% | 2.0% |
36–45 years | 4.2% | 27.1% | 33.3% | 22.9% | 10.4% | 2.1% |
46–55 years | 10.7% | 7.1% | 35.7% | 42.9% | 0.0% | 3.6% |
56–65 years | 33.3% | 8.3% | 25.0% | 16.7% | 0.0% | 16.7% |
>65 years | 12.1% | 17.4% | 29.5% | 30.9% | 6.7% | 3.4% |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | ||||||
<25 years | 16.7% | 16.7% | 33.3% | 16.7% | 16.7% | 0.0% |
26–35 years | 11.8% | 17.6% | 23.5% | 37.3% | 7.8% | 2.0% |
36–45 years | 4.2% | 27.1% | 33.3% | 22.9% | 10.4% | 2.1% |
46–55 years | 10.7% | 7.1% | 35.7% | 42.9% | 0.0% | 3.6% |
56–65 years | 33.3% | 8.3% | 25.0% | 16.7% | 0.0% | 16.7% |
>65 years | 12.1% | 17.4% | 29.5% | 30.9% | 6.7% | 3.4% |
Other risks | ||||||
<25 years | 50.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 50.0% |
26–35 years | 66.7% | 2.0% | 0.0% | 9.8% | 3.9% | 17.6% |
36–45 years | 68.8% | 4.2% | 2.1% | 8.3% | 2.1% | 14.6% |
46–55 years | 85.7% | 0.0% | 3.6% | 7.1% | 0.0% | 3.6% |
56–65 years | 91.7% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 8.3% |
>65 years | 100.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
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Risk Groups | 2020 | 2021 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Highly Significant | Significant | Moderately Significant | Not Very Significant | Insignificant. | No Answer | Total Significant | Highly Significant | Significant | Moderately Significant | Not Very Significant | Insignificant. | No Answer | Total Significant | |
Security risks | 28.9 | 30.9 | 20.8 | 8.7 | 2.0 | 8.7 | 80.5 | 32.9 | 28.2 | 20.0 | 6.5 | 4.1 | 8.2 | 81.2 |
Technology risks | 28.2 | 41.6 | 15.4 | 4.7 | 2.7 | 7.4 | 85.2 | 29.4 | 38.2 | 17.1 | 8.8 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 84.7 |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | 17.4 | 29.5 | 30.9 | 6.7 | 3.4 | 12.1 | 77.9 | 9.4 | 37.1 | 32.4 | 10.6 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 78.8 |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | 24.2 | 28.2 | 26.8 | 8.1 | 4.0 | 8.7 | 79.2 | 23.5 | 37.6 | 18.8 | 10.0 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 80.0 |
Risk Groups | 2020, Χ2 = 24.99 | 2021, Χ2 = 24.99 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | df | Asymptotic Significance (2-Sided) | Result | Value | df | Asymptotic Significance (2-Sided) | Result | |
Security risks | 34.704 | 15 | 0.003 | + | 21.737 | 15 | 0.115 | − |
Technology risks | 36.158 | 15 | 0.002 | + | 18.859 | 15 | 0.220 | − |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | 17.949 | 15 | 0.265 | − | 10.335 | 15 | 0.798 | − |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | 26.496 | 15 | 0.033 | + | 14.764 | 15 | 0.469 | − |
Other | 12.139 | 15 | 0.668 | − | 11.933 | 15 | 0.684 | − |
Risk Groups | 2020, Χ2 = 43.77 | 2021, Χ2 = 37.65 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | df | Asymptotic Significance (2-Sided) | Result | Value | df | Asymptotic Significance (2-Sided) | Result | |
Security risks | 41,126 | 30 | 0.085 | + | 45.611 | 25 | 0.007 | + |
Technology risks | 70,115 | 30 | 0.000 | + | 29.524 | 25 | 0.243 | + |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | 38.869 | 30 | 0.129 | + | 17.863 | 25 | 0.848 | − |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | 46,114 | 30 | 0.030 | + | 39.869 | 25 | 0.030 | + |
Other | 19,766 | 30 | 0.922 | − | 18.765 | 25 | 0.808 | − |
2020 | Education | Age | Security Risks | Technological Risks | Professional Challenges of the Entrepreneurs and Employees to Use Digital Tools | Skills of the Clients to Use Digital Tools | Other Risks | |
Kendall’s tau_b | Education | 1.000 | 0.296 ** | −0.070 | 0.048 | 0.023 | 0.104 | −0.128 |
Age | 0.296 ** | 1.000 | 0.072 | 0.145 * | 0.023 | 0.092 | −0.184 * | |
Security risks | −0.070 | 0.072 | 1.000 | 0.486 ** | 0.363 ** | 0.171 * | 0.191 ** | |
Technological risks | 0.048 | 0.145 * | 0.486 ** | 1.000 | 0.436 ** | 0.427 ** | 0.065 | |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.363 ** | 0.436 ** | 1.000 | 0.552 ** | 0.199 ** | |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | 0.104 | 0.092 | 0.171 * | 0.427 ** | 0.552 ** | 1.000 | 0.184 ** | |
Other risks | −0.128 | −0.184 * | 0.191 ** | 0.065 | 0.199 ** | 0.184 ** | 1.000 | |
Spearman’s rho | Education | 1.000 | 0.338 ** | −0.079 | 0.054 | 0.027 | 0.120 | −0.142 |
Age | 0.338 ** | 1.000 | 0.086 | 0.169 * | 0.025 | 0.111 | −0.207 * | |
Security risks | −0.079 | 0.086 | 1.000 | 0.533 ** | 0.421 ** | 0.198 * | 0.219 ** | |
Technological risks | 0.054 | 0.169 * | 0.533 ** | 1.000 | 0.489 ** | 0.488 ** | 0.074 | |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | 0.027 | 0.025 | 0.421 ** | 0.489 ** | 1.000 | 0.612 ** | 0.229 ** | |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | 0.120 | 0.111 | 0.198 * | 0.488 ** | 0.612 ** | 1.000 | 0.211 ** | |
Other risks | −0.142 | −0.207 * | 0.219 ** | 0.074 | 0.229 ** | 0.211 ** | 1.000 | |
2021 | Education | Age | Security Risks | Technological Risks | Professional Challenges of the Entrepreneur and Employees to Use Digital Tools | Skills of the Clients to Use Digital Tools | Other Risks | |
Kendall’s tau_b | Education | 1.000 | 0.161 * | −0.031 | −0.004 | −0.004 | 0.045 | −0.017 |
Age | 0.161 * | 1.000 | −0.068 | −0.001 | −0.100 | −0.085 | −0.095 | |
Security risks | −0.031 | −0.068 | 1.000 | 0.657 ** | 0.399 ** | 0.412 ** | 0.127 | |
Technological risks | −0.004 | −0.001 | 0.657 ** | 1.000 | 0.482 ** | 0.435 ** | 0.026 | |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | −0.004 | −0.100 | 0.399 ** | 0.482 ** | 1.000 | 0.474 ** | 0.069 | |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | 0.045 | −0.085 | 0.412 ** | 0.435 ** | 0.474 ** | 1.000 | 0.187 ** | |
Other risks | −0.017 | −0.095 | 0.127 | 0.026 | 0.069 | 0.187 ** | 1.000 | |
Spearman’s rho | Education | 1.000 | 0.188 * | −0.035 | −0.005 | −0.005 | 0.053 | −0.018 |
Age | 0.188 * | 1.000 | −0.079 | −0.004 | −0.120 | −0.099 | −0.110 | |
Security risks | −0.035 | −0.079 | 1.000 | 0.723 ** | 0.466 ** | 0.474 ** | 0.142 | |
Technological risks | −0.005 | −0.004 | 0.723 ** | 1.000 | 0.556 ** | 0.501 ** | 0.028 | |
Professional challenges of the entrepreneur and employees to use digital tools | −0.005 | −0.120 | 0.466 ** | 0.556 ** | 1.000 | 0.534 ** | 0.078 | |
Skills of the clients to use digital tools | 0.053 | −0.099 | 0.474 ** | 0.501 ** | 0.534 ** | 1.000 | 0.212 ** | |
Other risks | −0.018 | −0.110 | 0.142 | 0.028 | 0.078 | 0.212 ** | 1.000 |
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Zeverte-Rivza, S.; Brence, I.; Gudele, I.; Rivza, B.; Rivza, P. Digitalization Risks in the Bioeconomy: An Enterprise-Level Perspective. Sustainability 2024, 16, 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020524
Zeverte-Rivza S, Brence I, Gudele I, Rivza B, Rivza P. Digitalization Risks in the Bioeconomy: An Enterprise-Level Perspective. Sustainability. 2024; 16(2):524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020524
Chicago/Turabian StyleZeverte-Rivza, Sandija, Ieva Brence, Ina Gudele, Baiba Rivza, and Peteris Rivza. 2024. "Digitalization Risks in the Bioeconomy: An Enterprise-Level Perspective" Sustainability 16, no. 2: 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020524
APA StyleZeverte-Rivza, S., Brence, I., Gudele, I., Rivza, B., & Rivza, P. (2024). Digitalization Risks in the Bioeconomy: An Enterprise-Level Perspective. Sustainability, 16(2), 524. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020524