Unveiling the Depths: Unravelling Stakeholder Values in the Landscape of Bangkok’s Urban Waterways
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Valued Landscape and Pressure in Bangkok’s Waterways
1.2. Management Action and Waterway Values: Heritage Preservation and Flood Control
1.3. Local Influence on Management
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Case Study Approach and the Three Study Site Contexts
2.2. Qualitative Research Design
3. Findings: Landscape Values of Waterways and Management Alternatives
3.1. Stakeholders and Landscape Value of Bangkok’s Urban Waterways
3.2. Management Alternatives
4. Discussion
4.1. Revealing the Need for Collaborative Stakeholders and Multi-Values
4.2. Landscape Values Being Transformed and Forgotten
4.2.1. BUWs for Public Well-Being or Local Benefits
4.2.2. BUWs: Detention or Drainage
4.2.3. Challenging the Preservation Value of the BUWs
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
GA-01 | Public Works and Town and Country Planning Department (PWTPD) | ||
GA-02 | Town Planning Department (TPD) | ||
GA-03 | Royal Irrigation Department (RID) | ||
GA-04 | Drainage and Sewerage Department (DSD) | ||
GA-05 | Rattanakosin Committee, the Office of National Environment Policy and Planning (RC-ONEP) | ||
GA-06 | Urban Development and Renewal Office, TPD (UDR-TPD) | ||
GA-07 | Fine Art Department (FAD) | ||
IA-08 | SPAFA-ICOMOS | ||
IA-09 | UN-Habitat | ||
EP-01 | Urban planner | RE-01 | Community leader (Banpantom) |
EP-02 | Ecological landscaper | RE-02 | Resident (Banpantom) |
EP-03 | Heritage experts | RE-03 | Resident (Banpantom) |
EP-04 | Water resource engineer | RE-04 | Resident (Banpantom) |
EP-05 | Political science researcher | RE-05 | Community leader (Minburi Upatum) |
EP-06 | Hydrological ecologist researcher | RE-06 | Resident (Minburi Upatum) |
EP-07 | Environmental engineer | RE-07 | Resident (Minburi Upatum) |
EP-08 | Landscape practitioner | RE-08 | Community leader (Talad Nongchok) |
EP-09 | Academic historian | RE-09 | Resident (Talad Nongchok) |
EP-10 | Local historian | RE-10 | Resident (Talad Nongchok) |
Agencies | Policy Documents | Year |
---|---|---|
RC-ONEP | Rattanakosin Plans | 1994, 1997 |
RC-ONEP | Rattanakosin Plan | 2020 |
TPD | Banglampoo Heritage Corridor | 2016 |
TPD | Khlong Rob Krung Redevelopment Project | 2017 |
TPD | Redevelopment plan in Minburi | 1997 |
TPD | Redevelopment plan in Minburi Upatum | 2014 |
TPD | Redevelopment plan in Minburi District | 2020 |
TPD | Redevelopment plan in Nongchok | 1997 |
PWD | Chaophraya Development Plan- Chaophraya For All | 2016 |
TPD | Town plan development: annual reports | 2015, 2018, 2020 |
TPD | The Comprehensive Plan (draft) | 2019, 2020 |
DSD | The Road Rail Boat Policy | 2020 |
DSD | Flood prevention: annual reports | 2017, 2011, 2012, 2020 |
DSD, CODI | Plan of increasing drainage capacity | 2015 |
BMA | Bangkok Resilience Strategy | 2017 |
ONWR | The Reclamation of Sanseab Canal | 2021 |
ONWR | The 20 years of water management policy | 2018 |
References
- Ehrlich, P.R.; Mooney, H.A. Extinction, Substitution, and Ecosystem Services. BioScience 1983, 33, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cengiz, B.l. Urban River Landscapes. In Advances in Landscape Architecture; Özyavuz, M., Ed.; Intech: London, UK, 2013; pp. 551–584. [Google Scholar]
- Pattacini, L. Urban Design and Rivers: A Critical Review of Theories Devising Planning and Design Concepts to Define Riverside Urbanity. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siriphattanakun, H. The Study of Water Management System in Ancient Towns: A Case Study of Ayuttaya. Ph.D. Thesis, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Aruninta, A. The Meaning and Spirit of Living with Water Cultural Landscape in Flood Protection Model: The Case of the Chaophraya River Basin and the Delta of Central Thailand. In The ACLA (Asian Cultural Landscape Association) Symposium; Seoul National University: Seoul, Republic of Korea, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Thaitakoo, D.; McGrath, B.; Srithanyarat, S.; Palopakon, Y. Vanishing Landscape: The Hydro-Agricultural Landscape of Bangkok, Thailand. In (Un)anticipated Futures Symposium 2012 Proceedings; Chulalongkorn University: Bangkok, Thailand, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Molle, F. Scales and power in river basin management: The Chao Phraya River in Thailand. Geogr. J. 2007, 173, 358–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tachakitkachorn, T. Morphological Study of An Orchard System in The Lower Basin of Chao Phraya Delta: A case Study of Amphawa Neighborhood. Nakhara: J. Environ. Des. Plan. 2007, 3, 37–56. [Google Scholar]
- Yodsurang, P.; Yasufumi, U. A Traditional Community in the Chao Phraya River Basin: Classification and Characteristics of a Waterfront Community Complex. Asian Cult. Hist. 2015, 8, 57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiarakul, D. Khlong: Bangkok canals revitalization. Veridian E-J. 2016, 9, 185–196. [Google Scholar]
- Nopkhun, D.; Thadaniti, S. Canals in Bangkok: History Changes and Their Impact; Chulalongkorn University Printing House: Bangkok, Thailand, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Chansiri, N. The Historic Canal System in Bangkok, Thailand: Guidelines for Reestablishing Public Space Functions. Master’s Thesis, Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Brummelhuis, H.T. King of the Waters: Homan van der Heide and the Origin of Modern Irrigation in Siam; Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde: Lieden, The Netherlands, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Stephenson, J. The Cultural Values Model: An integrated approach to values in landscapes. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2008, 84, 127–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nassauer, J.I. Culture and changing landscape structure. Landsc. Ecol. 1995, 10, 229–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unakul, M.H. Reconnecting Bangkok’s Heritage Landscape: Urban Waterways and the Modern City. J. Siam Soc. 2012, 100, 183–208. [Google Scholar]
- Shinawatra, W. Understanding Cultural Landscapes in Thai Urban Context: Bangkok as A Neglected Water-Based City. In Proceedings of the International Conference SOAD (School of Architecture and Design), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand, 1–4 July 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Sakkayarojkul, O. An overview of Spatial Policy in Asian and European Countries. Available online: https://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/thailand/index_e.html (accessed on 10 February 2022).
- TPD (Town Planning Department). Drainage, Flood Protection, and Wastewater Treatment; Town Planning Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 2018.
- Davivongs, V.; Yokohari, M.; Hara, Y. Neglected Canals: Deterioration of Indigenous Irrigation System by Urbanization in the West Peri-Urban Area of Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Water 2012, 4, 12–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- TPD. Greater Bangkok Plan 2533. Available online: https://www.facebook.com/100066864980608/posts/803796129694682/ (accessed on 20 August 2023).
- Ratanawaraha, A. Institutional Issues in Integrating Land Use Planning and Water Management in Thailand; Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation (TDRI); International Development Research Centre (IDRC): Bangkok, Thailand, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Tohiguchi, M.; Denpaiboon, C.; Matsuda, H.; Hashimoto, S. Transformation of the canal-side Settlements in Greater Bangkok. J. Archit. Plann. Environ. Eng. AIJ 2002, 551, 245–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tantinipankul, W. Reviving the Neglected Heritage of the Rattanakosin Era: The Case of the Old Chao Phraya River Oxbow. J. Siam Soc. 2012, 100, 167–182. [Google Scholar]
- Casper, B. Amphibian Identity? Waterspatial Resilience of Khlong in Bangkok. Nakhara: J. Environ. Des. Plan. 2015, 10, 61–76. [Google Scholar]
- Jiarakul, D. Khlong: Bangkok Canals Revitalization. Ph.D. Thesis, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Nantavisai, M.; Thaitakoo, D. The Effect of Urban Vegetation Patterns on Land Surface Temperatures in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. In Urban Transformational Landscapes in the City-Hinterlands of Asia: Challenges and Approaches; Springer Nature: Singapore, 2023; pp. 561–577. [Google Scholar]
- Thaitakoo, D.; McGrath, B. Mitigation, Adaptation, Uncertainty—Changing Landscape, Changing Climate: Bangkok and the Chao Phraya River Delta. UC Berkeley Coll. Environ. Des. Places 2008, 20, 30–35. [Google Scholar]
- Boonlert, T. Giving New Life to Canals. Available online: https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/2207371/giving-new-life-to-canals (accessed on 10 August 2022).
- Misiune, I.; Depellegrin, D. Human-Nature Interactions: Exploring Nature’s Values Across Landscapes; Vigl, L.E., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Dempsey, N.; Jayaraj, S.R.; Redmond, E. There’s always the river: Social and environmental equity in rapidly urbanising landscapes in India. Landsacpe Res. 2017, 43, 275–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dempsey, N.; Velarde, C.L.M.; Samuel, M.; Bakshi, Y.; Baradi, M. From river to Riverfront: How meanings and cultural heritage change. The case of the Sabarmati Riverfront project, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Town Plan. Rev. 2020, 91, 643–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ONEP (The Office of Natural Resource and Environmental Policy and Planning). The Master Plan for the Conservation and Development of Krung Rattanakosin; The Office of Natural Resource and Environmental Policy and Planning: Bangkok, Thailand, 1994.
- ONEP (The Office of Natural Resource and Environmental Policy and Planning). The Master Plan for the Conservation and Development of Krung Rattanakosin; The Office of Natural Resource and Environmental Policy and Planning: Bangkok, Thailand, 2017.
- Sirisrisak, T. Conservation of Bangkok Old Town. Habitat Int. 2009, 33, 405–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Issarathumnoon, W. Applying the Historic Urban Landscape Approach to the Identification of Urban Heritage Attributes of Bangkok’s Old Town. NAKHARA J. Environ. Des. Plan. 2020, 19, 25–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Askew, M. The Banglamphu District: A Portrait of Change in Inner Bangkok. In Proceedings of the 1993 TDRI (Thailand Development Research Institute) Year-End Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, 10 December 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Askew, M. Bangkok Place, Practice and Representation; Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Askew, M. The Rise of “Moradok” and the Decline of the “Yarn”: Heritage and Cultural Construction in Urban Thailand. Sojourn J. Soc. Issues Southeast Asia 1996, 11, 183–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sirisrisak, T.; Akagawa, N. Cultural Rights and Conservation of Old Bangkok. J. Siam Soc. 2012, 100, 149–166. [Google Scholar]
- Aruninta, A. Rehabilitative Landscape in the Old Communities in Bangkok, Thailand. In Proceedings of the 2009 Incheon IFLA APR Congress, Incheon, Republic of Korea, 1–4 September 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Issarathumnoon, W. The Implementation of Conservation Plans of the Rattanakosin Area, Bangkok. In Proceedings of the 12th International Planning History Conference, New Delhi, India, 11–14 December 2006. [Google Scholar]
- DSD (Drainage and Sewerage Department). Annual Report of Flooding Protection and Prevention Plan; Drainage and Sewerage Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 2007.
- DSD (Drainage and Sewerage Department). Annual Report of Flooding Protection and Prevention Plan; Drainage and Sewerage Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 2011.
- Jular, P. (Global Water Partnership). The 2011 Thailand Floods in The Lower Chao Phraya River Basin in Bangkok Metropolis. Glob. Water Partnership. 2017, 25, 4–25. [Google Scholar]
- Marks, D. It is Built Against Nature: Floodwalls Built after the 2011 Floods in Central Thailand; International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI): Bangkok, Thailand, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Marks, D.; Connell, J.; Ferrara, F. Contested notions of disaster justice during the 2011 Bangkok floods: Unequal risk, unrest and claims to the city. Asia Pac. Viewp. 2020, 61, 19–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marks, D. The Political Ecology of Climate Injustice in Bangkok. In Future Challenges of Cities in Asia; Gregory, B., Rabe, P., Parthasarathy, R., Sami, N., Zhang, B., Eds.; Amsterdam University Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Thaitakoo, D.; McGrath, B. Bangkok Liquid Perception: Waterscape Urbanism in the Chao Phraya River Delta and Implication to Climate Change Adaptation. In Water Communities; Emerald Group Limited: Leeds, UK, 2010; Volume 2, pp. 35–50. [Google Scholar]
- IUCN. Climate Justice for People and Nature through Urban Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EbA). Available online: https://www.iucn.org/our-work/nature-based-solutions (accessed on 3 October 2023).
- McPhillips, L.; Wu, H.; Quezada, C.R.; Rosenzweig, B.; Sauer, J.R.; Winfrey, B. Nature-Based solutions as critical urban infrastructure for water resilience. In Nature-Based Solutions for Sustainable, Resilient, and Equitable Cities; McPhearson, T., Ed.; Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- McPhearson, T.; Kabisch, N.; Frantzeskaki, N. Nature-based solutions for sustainable, resilient, and equitable cities In Nature-Based Solutions for Cities; Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Kendle, T.; Forbes, S. Urban Nature Conservation; E&FN Spon: London, UK, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Berkes, F.; Colding, J.; Folke, C. Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecol. Appl. 2000, 10, 1251–1262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkes, F. Rethinking Community-Based Conservation. Conserv. Biol. 2004, 18, 621–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raymond, C.M.; Fazey, I.; Reed, M.S.; Stringer, L.C.; Robinson, G.M.; Evely, A.C. Integrating local and scientific knowledge for environmental management. J. Environ. Manag. 2010, 91, 1766–1777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reed, M.S. Stakeholder participation for environmental management: A literature review. Biol. Conserv. 2008, 141, 2417–2431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Folke, C. Traditional Knowledge in Social–Ecological Systems. Ecol. Soc. 2004, 9, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkes, F. Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 90, 1692–1702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Laeni, N.; Brink, M.v.d.; Arts, J. Is Bangkok becoming more resilient to flooding A framing analysis of Bangkok flood resilience policy combining insights from both insiders and outsiders. Cities 2019, 90, 157–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ratanawaraha, A. Inequality, Fragility, and Resilience in Bangkok. Build. Resil. Cities under Stress 2016, 1, 4–12. [Google Scholar]
- Phanthuwongpakdee, N.K. Living with Floods: Moving Towards Resilient Local-Level Adaptation in Central Thailand. Joint Degree Ph.D. Thesis, King’s College London, London, UK, The National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Rongwiriyaphanich, S. Effects of Land Policy on Hybrid Rural-Urban Development Patterns and Resilience: A case study of the territorial development in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. In Proceedings of the Regional Studies Association European Conference, Delft, The Netherlands, 13–16 May 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Rongwiriyaphanich, S. Understanding Culture in Territorial Management and Its Implications for Spatial Planning: The Case of Floodplain Management in Urbanised Delta Regions in The Netherlands and Thailand. Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Rongwiriyaphanich, S. A Cross-cultural Analytical Framework for Territorial Development Policies: The Application to Flood Risk Management Policies in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. In Proceedings of the 3rd World Planning Schools Congress, Perth, Australia, 4–8 July 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Prakitnonthakan, C. Rattanakosin Charter: The Thai Cultural Charter for Conservation. J. Siam Soc. 2012, 100, 123–148. [Google Scholar]
- Thinnakorn, W.; Anurak, T. Valuing Cultural Landscape Heritage in Historic Areas: Proposed Assessment Criteria from Thailand. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. Plan. Perspect. 2022, 17, 1543–1551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, R.K. Case Study Research Design and Method; SAGE Publication, Inc.: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Hays, P.A. Case Study Research. In Foundations for Research Methods of Inquiry in Education and the Social Sciences; Silverman, N., Ed.; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: London, UK, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Frantzeskaki, N.; Wijsman, K.; Adams, C.; Kabisch, N.; Malekpour, S.; Pinto, M.P.; Vandergert, P. Governance of and with nature-based solutions in cities. In Nature-Based Solutions for Cities; McPhearson, T., Kabisch, N., Frantzeskaki, N., Eds.; Edward Elgar Publishing Limited: Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA, 2023; pp. 240–258. [Google Scholar]
- Winton, S. Rhetorical analysis in critical policy research. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ. 2013, 26, 158–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Selman, P. Landscape as integrating frameworks for human, environmental and policy process. In Resilience and the Cultural Landscape; Plieninger, T., Bieling, C., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 27–48. [Google Scholar]
- Baker, W.L. A review of models of landscape change. Landsc. Ecol. 1989, 2, 111–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shuchaiya, K. Traditional Thai Dictionary: Temple Palace Street Bridge Fort; The Royal Society of Thailand: Bangkok, Thailand, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Ausawasakunruecha, L.; Pinyo, K. Khlong Banglampoo: From Moat to the Cultural Symbol of the Community. Available online: http://banglamphumuseum.treasury.go.th (accessed on 10 August 2022).
- RTS (Royal Thai Survey Department). The Historical Map of an Old Town Bangkok; Royal Thai Survey Department: Bangkok, Thailand, 1887. [Google Scholar]
- RTS (Royal Thai Survey Department). The Historical Map of an Old Town Bangkok; Royal Thai Survey Department: Bangkok, Thailand, 1901. [Google Scholar]
- Klamsom, P. Dek Banpantom. Available online: https://muangboranjournal.com/bookpost/141 (accessed on 10 August 2022).
- DSD (Drainage and Sewerage Department). Annual Report of Flooding Protection and Prevention Plan; Drainage and Sewerage Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 2012.
- CU (Chulalongkorn University), The Urban Conservation Plan for the Banglamphu Canal Cultural Heritage Corridor; Department of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University: Bangkok, Thailand, 2016.
- TPD (Town Planning Department). Khlong Rob Krung Redevelopment Plan; Town Planning Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 2017.
- TPD (Town Planning Department). Final Report: The redevelopment of Minburi Neighborhood and the Surrounding Areas; Town Planning Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 2020.
- RamaV, K. The Visit of Sanseab Canal. Chao Dom Mother King Rama V; The National Library, Fine Art Department: Bangkok, Thailand, 1933. [Google Scholar]
- TPD (Town Planning Department). Executive Report: The Development Minburi District; Town Planning Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 1997.
- TPD (Town Planning Department). Final Report: The Redevelopment Project of the Minburi Upatum Community and the Area along Sanseab Canal; Town Planning Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 2014.
- ONWR (Office of National Water Resource). Plan of Water Quality Improvement of Sanseab Canal; Office of National Water Resource: Bangkok, Thailand, 2021.
- DSD (Drainage and Sewerage Department). Construction of Water Treatment Plants in Minburi Area; Drainage and Sewerage Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok Thailand, 2020.
- BMA. (Draft) The 4th Revision of the Comprehensive Land-Use Plan of Bangkok: The Presentation Documents for Public Hearing; Department of City Planning and Urban Development: Bangkok, Thailand, 2019.
- NLPH (Nai Lert Park Heritage). The 1915 Historical Boat Transportation in Sanseab Canal ‘Nai Lert White Boat’. Available online: https://nailertgroup.com/en/nai-lert-park-heritage-home (accessed on 1 September 2022).
- Silrattana, P. History of Nongchok Neighborhood. Available online: https://www.facebook.com/thisisnongchok (accessed on 20 December 2021).
- Kunti. Pum Tamnan Kang Rabainam (History of Drainage in Thailand); Drainage and Sewerage Department: Bangkok, Thailand, 2014.
- TPD (Town Planning Department). Executive Report: The Redevelopment Project of Nongchok District; Town Planning Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok, Thailand, 1997.
- Suksawang, W. Holistic Approach for Water Management Planning of Nong Chok District in Bangkok, Thailand. Available online: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3mf6k4d5 (accessed on 10 December 2022).
- DSD (Drainage and Sewerage Department). Annual Report of Flooding Protection and Prevention Plan; Drainage and Sewerage Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration: Bangkok Thailand, 2020.
- Jansson, M.; Vogel, N.; Fors, H.; Randrup, T.B. The governance of landscape management: New approaches to urban open space development. Landsc. Res. 2019, 44, 952–965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oosten, C.v.; Moeliono, M.; Wiersum, F. From Product to Place—Spatializing governance in a commodified landscape. Environ. Manag. 2018, 62, 157–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oosten, C.v.; Runhaar, H.; Arts, B. Capable to govern landscape restoration? Exploring landscape governance capabilities, based on literature and stakeholder perceptions. Land Use Policy 2021, 104, 104020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Görg, C. Landscape governance: The “politics of scale” and the “natural” conditions of places. Geoforum 2007, 38, 954–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Burr, V. Social Constructionism; Routledge Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Ritchie, J.; Lewis, J.; Nicholls, C.M.; Ormston, R. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers; SAGE Publications, Inc.: London, UK; LThousand Oaks, CA, USA; New Delhi, India, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Rishbeth, C. Articulating transnational attachments through on-site narratives and collaborative creative processes. In Place Attachment: Advances in Theory, Methods and Applications; Manzo, L.C., Devine-Wright, P., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: London, UK, 2020; pp. 100–111. [Google Scholar]
- Carpiano, R.M. Come take a walk with me The Go Along interview as a novel method for studying the implications of place for health and well-being. HealthPlace 2009, 15, 263–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stiegler, S. On Doing Go-Along Interviews: Toward Sensuous Analyses of Everyday Experiences. Qual. Inq. 2021, 27, 364–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lele, S.; Bene, D.D.; Avcı, D.; Roa-Avendaño, T.; Roy, B.; Sahu, G.; Harris, M.; Moore, D. Values and knowledges in decision-making on environmentally disruptive infrastructure projects: Insights from large dams and mines. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2023, 64, 101346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rabionet, S.E. How I Learned to Design and Conduct Semi-structured Interviews: An Ongoing and Continuous Journey. Qual. Rep. 2011, 16, 563–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharpe, B.; Hodgson, A.; Leicester, G.; Lyon, A.; Fazey, I. Three horizons: A pathways practice for transformation. Ecol. Soc. 2016, 21, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braun, V.; Clarke, V. One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qual. Res. Psychol. 2021, 18, 328–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Braun, V.; Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 2006, 3, 77–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meehan, B. Conducting Reflexive Thematic Analysis Using Nvivo. Available online: https://qdatraining.com (accessed on 20 February 2022).
- Thompson, J. A Guide to Abductive Thematic Analysis. Qual. Rep. 2022, 27, 1410–1421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ONWR (Office of National Water Resource). Water Management Plan 20 Years 2018–2028; Office of National Water Resource: Bangkok, Thailand, 2018.
- Willems, W.J.H.; Schaik, H.P.J.v. Water & Heritage Material, Conceptual and Spiritual Connections; Sidestone Press: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Dunham, J.B.; Angermeier, P.L.; Crausbay, S.D.; Cravens, A.E.; Gosnell, H.; McEvoy, J.; Moritz, M.A.; Raheem, N.; Sanford, T. Rivers are social-ecological systems: Time to integrate human dimensions into riverscape ecology and management. WIREs Water 2018, 5, e1291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daisi, Y. Sustainable Development of (UNESCO) Heritage Sites in China and The Netherlands, Case Studies of Lijiang, China and Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Master’s Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Takaya, Y. Topographical Analysis of the Southern Basin of the Central Plain, Thailand. Tanan Ajia Kenkyi (Southeast Asian Stud.) 1969, 7, 293–300. [Google Scholar]
- McGrath, B.; Tachakitkachorn, T.; Thaitakoo, D. Bangkok’s Distributary Waterscape Urbanism: From a Tributary to Distributary System. In Water Urbanism East, Emerging Practices and Age-Old Traditions; Park Books; UFO Explorations of Urbanism: Zurich, Switzerland, 2015; pp. 48–63. [Google Scholar]
- Zube, E.H. Perceived land use patterns and landscape values. Landsc. Ecol. 1987, 1, 37–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hunter, M. Water infrastructural heritage: Management and governance. Infrastruct. Asset Manag. 2022, 9, 170–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hein, C.; Schaik, H.v.; Six, D.; Mager, T.; Kolen, J.J.C.A.; Ertsen, M.; Nijhuis, S.; Verschuure-Stuip, G. Introduction: Connecting Water and Heritage for the Future. In Adaptive Strategies for Water Heritage Past, Present and Future; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Azman, N.A.H.; Shukri, S.M.; Bachek, S.H. The City on Stilts: A historic settlement in the heart of Brunei Capital City. Malays. Archit. J. 2021, 3, 18–22. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, S.; Shu, H. Sustainable cultural tourism & heritage conservation in China, case studies of the ancient waterfront towns in the south of the Yangtze River. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 2020, 241, 15–26. [Google Scholar]
- Aruninta, A.; Matsushima, H.; Phukumchai, P. Flow or Fence: Learning, Preserving, and Redefining the Riverfront Cultural Landscape. J. Water Resour. Prot. 2020, 2, 921–933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butler, A. Dynamics of integrating landscape values in landscape character assessment: The hidden dominance of the objective outsider. Landsc. Res. 2016, 41, 239–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Government Agencies (GA) | Residents (RE) | Experts, International Agencies (EP/IA) | Policy Documents * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Diminishing values | Food production value | / | / | / | / |
Daily consumption value | / | ||||
Transportation value | / | / | / | / | |
(2) Absent values | Ecological/biodiversity value | / | / | / | |
Livelihood value | / | / | |||
Favourable settlements value | / | / | |||
(3) Evolving values | Day-to-day cultural value (historical) | / | / | ||
Preservation value (modified) | / | / | / | / | |
Local recreation value (historical) | / | ||||
Urban public space value (modified) | / | / | / | / | |
Natural inundation value (historical) | / | / | |||
Flood prevention value (modified) | / | / | / | / |
Enhanced Ongoing Management | Natural Restoration | Prioritising Benefits for Locals | Floodable Land Use with Heritage Consideration | Highlight Urban Functionality | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[I] | [II] | [III] | [IV] | [V] | ||
Diminishing values | Food production value | / | / | |||
Daily consumption value | / | / | ||||
Transportation value | / | / | ||||
Absent values | Ecological value | / | ||||
Livelihood value | / | |||||
Favourable settlements value | / | |||||
Evolving values | Day-to-day cultural value | / | / | |||
Preservation value | / | |||||
Local recreation value | / | |||||
Urban public space value | / | / | / | |||
Natural inundation value | / | / | ||||
Flood prevention | / | / | / | / | / |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Numsuk, W.; Dempsey, N. Unveiling the Depths: Unravelling Stakeholder Values in the Landscape of Bangkok’s Urban Waterways. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167117
Numsuk W, Dempsey N. Unveiling the Depths: Unravelling Stakeholder Values in the Landscape of Bangkok’s Urban Waterways. Sustainability. 2024; 16(16):7117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167117
Chicago/Turabian StyleNumsuk, Wanida, and Nicola Dempsey. 2024. "Unveiling the Depths: Unravelling Stakeholder Values in the Landscape of Bangkok’s Urban Waterways" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 7117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167117
APA StyleNumsuk, W., & Dempsey, N. (2024). Unveiling the Depths: Unravelling Stakeholder Values in the Landscape of Bangkok’s Urban Waterways. Sustainability, 16(16), 7117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167117