Implications of Changing Urban Land Use on the Livelihoods of Local People in Northwestern Bangladesh
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Area
2.2. Data Collection Method
2.3. Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Changes Analysis
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socio-Economic Condition of the Respondents
3.2. Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Nilphamari Sadar
3.3. Household Ownership and Land Use of the Respondents between 2000 and 2022
3.4. Relationship between Settlement, Croplands, and Waterbodies Changes in 2000, 2010, and 2020
3.5. Implications of Changing Urban Land Use on Local Livelihood
3.5.1. Occupational Interchanges and Livelihood Displacements of the Local People Caused by Land Use Transformation
“Urbanization affects the local people negatively. It transformed the land use patterns of the locality. We used to practice agriculture up till the beginning of 21st and it was our generational practice. Many were dependent on fishing for livelihoods. But urbanization changes the arrangements of environments. Agricultural practices have been reducing and fisherman community are disappearing due to the land use changes and commercial land uses.”
“Urbanization provided us huge livelihood options with uncertainty. Urbanization provides opportunities to earn money, which is required to purchase sustenance for survival. If there is no means for us to earn money, we must starve. Nonetheless, our previous profession (agriculture) provided food for us for twelve months.”
3.5.2. Intensification of Industrial and Infrastructural Development and Acceleration of Outsiders’ Migration
3.5.3. Dominance of Outsiders Displaced Local People
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land Use Type | Descriptions |
---|---|
Settlement | Residential, commercial, and industrial as well as other built areas |
Croplands | Agricultural area, crop fields, fallow lands, and vegetable lands |
Vegetation | Deciduous forest, mixed forest lands, palms, conifer, scrub, etc. |
Waterbodies | River, permanent open water, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs |
Barren lands | Land which has very limited or no trees/plants |
Category | Attribute | Size |
---|---|---|
Age (year) | 30 to 40 | 10.5% |
41 to 50 | 26% | |
51 to 60 | 45% | |
Above 60 | 18.5% | |
Occupation (Male) | Business | 37.06% |
Service | 22.38% | |
Day laborer | 18.88% | |
Unemployed | 5.61% | |
Agriculture | 4.9% | |
Auto van and rickshaw pulling, construction work, etc. | 11.17% | |
Occupation (Female) | Housewife | 73.68% |
Service | 22.8% | |
Business | 3.52% | |
Monthly income (BDT) | 0 to 5000 | 14.5% |
5001 to 10,000 | 8.5% | |
10,001 to 15,000 | 13% | |
15,001 to 20,000 | 21% | |
20,001 to 25,000 | 29.5% | |
25,000+ | 13.5% | |
Level of Education | No formal education | 12.5% |
Grade 1 to 5 | 11% | |
Grade 6 to 12 | 41% | |
Tertiary Education | 35.5% |
Year | Agriculture (%) | Dwelling (%) | Rental Purpose (%) | Industrial (%) | Unused (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 78.79 | 15.15 | 2.53 | 0.5 | 3.03 |
2022 | 23.07 | 40.38 | 19.75 | 17.3 | 00 |
Year | Settlement | Croplands | Waterbodies | Correlation between Settlement and Croplands (r) | Correlation between Settlement and Waterbodies (r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 19.81 | 259.33 | 11.19 | −0.9 | −0.66 |
2010 | 24.39 | 238.64 | 23.74 | ||
2020 | 47.75 | 221.23 | 4.46 |
Year 2022 | Year 2000 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Occupation | Percentage | Occupation | Percentage | |
Occupation (Male) | Business | 37.06% | Agriculture | 43.36% |
Service | 22.38% | Agricultural laborer | 7.69% | |
Day laborer | 18.88% | Livestock rearing | 5.59% | |
Unemployed | 5.61% | Fishing | 9.09% | |
Agriculture | 4.9% | Service | 13.99% | |
Auto van and rickshaw pulling, construction work, etc. | 11.17% | Wage laborer | 4.2% | |
Business | 10.49% | |||
Unemployed | 5.59% | |||
Total | 100 | Total | 100 | |
Occupation (Female) | Housewife | 73.68% | Housewife | 47.37% |
Service | 22.8% | Agriculture | 28.07% | |
Business | 3.52% | Other (service and business) | 24.56% | |
Total | 100 | Total | 100 |
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Rahman, M.M.; Huq, H.; Mukul, S.A. Implications of Changing Urban Land Use on the Livelihoods of Local People in Northwestern Bangladesh. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11769. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511769
Rahman MM, Huq H, Mukul SA. Implications of Changing Urban Land Use on the Livelihoods of Local People in Northwestern Bangladesh. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11769. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511769
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Md. Mizanur, Hamidul Huq, and Sharif A. Mukul. 2023. "Implications of Changing Urban Land Use on the Livelihoods of Local People in Northwestern Bangladesh" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11769. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511769
APA StyleRahman, M. M., Huq, H., & Mukul, S. A. (2023). Implications of Changing Urban Land Use on the Livelihoods of Local People in Northwestern Bangladesh. Sustainability, 15(15), 11769. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511769