Entrepreneurship Education for Training the Talent in China: Exploring the Influencing Factors and Their Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Interpretation Framework
2.1. Entrepreneurship Education in Supporting Sustainable Development
2.2. Research Status and Hypothesis
2.3. Research Framework for Entrepreneurship Education’s Effectiveness
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Design
3.2. Research Methods and Tools
3.3. Research Participants
3.4. Ethical Considerations
3.5. Reliability and Validity Test
3.6. Access and Data Collection
4. Results
4.1. Effect Measurement and Analysis of Entrepreneurship Education
4.2. Research on the Influencing Factors of Entrepreneurship Education’s Effectiveness
4.3. Research on the Influence of Team Coordination on Entrepreneurship Education’s Effectiveness
5. Discussion
5.1. Discussion of the Results
5.2. Theoretical Value
5.3. Policy Suggestions
6. Practical Implications
7. Limitations and Future Studies
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Code | Measuring Items |
---|---|
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y1: Opportunity recognition) | |
Q1 | I can more keenly identify the market pain points. |
Q2 | I can be more aware of the flaws of other similar products in the market I’m looking at. |
Q3 | I can better seize the opportunity to develop my team/project. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y2: Innovation and creation) | |
Q4 | I can define problems more clearly. |
Q5 | I can come up with innovative ideas more easily. |
Q6 | I can better design the value of my ideas. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y3: Vision) | |
Q7 | I can more clearly understand the changes I need to make to achieve my aspiration for the future. |
Q8 | I can plan more clearly for my future aspiration. |
Q9 | I have a better idea of whether I want to continue my education after graduation or start a job or business. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y4: Evaluation and ideas) | |
Q10 | I can better understand the possible value of my idea. |
Q11 | I have a clearer idea of which method I can choose to protect my originality (e.g., patent application/software copyright application/trademark application, etc.). |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y5: Value ethics) | |
Q12 | I can assess the impact of my actions more clearly. |
Q13 | I can make decisions with greater honesty and integrity. |
Q14 | I can better obey and encourage ethical behavior within my power. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y6: Self-efficacy) | |
Q15 | I have a clearer idea of my strengths and weaknesses. |
Q16 | I can more clearly identify my needs, interests and goals. |
Q17 | I trust myself more. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y7: Motivation and perseverance) | |
Q18 | I can put my ideas into practice better. |
Q19 | I can adjust myself better in the face of difficulties. |
Q20 | I can overcome adversity better. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y8: Resource coordination) | |
Q21 | I can make better use of my time. |
Q22 | I can coordinate resources better to help me move forward. |
Q23 | I can more clearly know the people and things that can help me. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y9: Knowledge literacy) | |
Q24 | I can apply the relevant classroom knowledge in practice. |
Q25 | I can better understand the basic knowledge of business management. |
Q26 | I can better understand how to obtain project funding through various channels such as government subsidies, crowdfunding or financing. |
Q27 | I have a better understanding of entrepreneurship knowledge such as patents, copyrights, trademarks and national laws and regulations. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y10: Mobilization organization) | |
Q28 | I can better convince people to help me implement my ideas. |
Q29 | I can organize multi-person events better. |
Q30 | I can attract people to join my team better. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y11: Being proactive) | |
Q31 | I can face challenges better. |
Q32 | I am more assertive in my actions. |
Q33 | I am more aware of my responsibilities. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y12: Plan management) | |
Q34 | I can define the priority of things better. |
Q35 | I can better adjust my plans to accommodate change. |
Q36 | I can manage my personal life better. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y13: Risk coping) | |
Q37 | I can better understand how to manage the risks that may arise. |
Q38 | I can more objectively evaluate the risks I may face in carrying out a project in my field. |
Q39 | I can face the risk more bravely. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y14: Communication and cooperation) | |
Q40 | I am better at using my network to find the right people to help me with my value creation activities. |
Q41 | I can communicate and cooperate with others better. |
Q42 | I can report and communicate more freely. |
Through participation in innovation and entrepreneurship activities (Y15: Reflective learning) | |
Q43 | I am better at learning from my failures. |
Q44 | I am better at acquiring new skills (such as operating office software or video editing, etc.). |
Q45 | I am better at learning to find literature. |
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Variable | Type | Number of People | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Educational Background | Undergraduate | 513 | 84.7% |
Postgraduate | 93 | 15.3% | |
Project Leader Experience | Yes | 357 | 58.9% |
No | 249 | 41.1% | |
Discipline | Science and Engineering | 350 | 56.0% |
Economic Management | 118 | 18.9% | |
Literature and History | 100 | 16.0% | |
Else | 57 | 9.1% | |
University | A | 50 | 8.2% |
B | 41 | 6.8% | |
C | 38 | 6.3% | |
D | 51 | 8.4% | |
Else | 426 | 70.3% | |
Duration of Participation | Less than 1 year | 208 | 34.3% |
1–2 years | 313 | 51.7% | |
3 years or above | 85 | 14.0% | |
Score Ranking | The top 10% | 256 | 42.2% |
11–30% | 231 | 38.1% | |
31% or above | 119 | 19.7% | |
Number of Achievements | 1–3 | 408 | 67.3% |
4–10 | 133 | 21.9% | |
11 or above | 65 | 10.8% |
Adjacent Area | Literacy | AVE | CR | Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|
Innovative thinking | Opportunity recognition | 0.686 | 0.868 | 0.863 |
Innovation and creation | 0.570 | 0.799 | 0.794 | |
Vision | 0.539 | 0.778 | 0.765 | |
Evaluation and ideas | 0.531 | 0.693 | 0.671 | |
Value ethics | 0.584 | 0.808 | 0.813 | |
Innovative resources | Self-efficacy | 0.564 | 0.795 | 0.797 |
Motivation and perseverance | 0.611 | 0.825 | 0.831 | |
Resource coordination | 0.561 | 0.793 | 0.788 | |
Knowledge literacy | 0.547 | 0.829 | 0.818 | |
Mobilization organization | 0.649 | 0.847 | 0.841 | |
Innovative action | Being proactive | 0.618 | 0.829 | 0.812 |
Plan management | 0.602 | 0.819 | 0.817 | |
Risk coping | 0.583 | 0.808 | 0.801 | |
Communication and cooperation | 0.585 | 0.808 | 0.795 | |
Reflective learning | 0.567 | 0.797 | 0.796 |
Adjacent Area | Literacy | M | SD | M (A) | M (B) | M (C) | M (D) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Innovative thinking | Opportunity recognition | 3.817 | 0.675 | 3.676 | 3.821 | 4.049 | 4.170 |
Innovation and creation | 3.969 | 0.528 | 3.917 | 4.036 | 3.951 | 4.148 | |
Vision | 3.991 | 0.525 | 3.944 | 3.964 | 3.988 | 4.319 | |
Evaluation and ideas | 3.958 | 0.575 | 3.875 | 3.911 | 4.130 | 4.267 | |
Value ethics | 4.100 | 0.490 | 4.037 | 3.976 | 4.247 | 4.341 | |
Innovative resources | Self-efficacy | 4.092 | 0.496 | 4.037 | 4.107 | 4.259 | 4.348 |
Motivation and perseverance | 4.103 | 0.494 | 4.074 | 4.107 | 4.296 | 4.289 | |
Resource coordination | 4.102 | 0.493 | 4.019 | 4.155 | 4.185 | 4.341 | |
Knowledge literacy | 3.892 | 0.533 | 3.694 | 3.813 | 3.972 | 4.211 | |
Mobilization organization | 3.996 | 0.555 | 3.806 | 4.119 | 4.136 | 4.222 | |
Innovative action | Being proactive | 4.206 | 0.442 | 4.056 | 4.214 | 4.259 | 4.444 |
Plan management | 4.131 | 0.499 | 4.019 | 4.238 | 4.333 | 4.356 | |
Risk coping | 4.006 | 0.531 | 3.741 | 4.107 | 4.062 | 4.215 | |
Communication and cooperation | 4.121 | 0.468 | 4.056 | 4.095 | 4.210 | 4.452 | |
Reflective learning | 4.163 | 0.481 | 4.111 | 4.214 | 4.420 | 4.370 |
Literacy | Duration of Participation | Score Ranking | Number of Achievements | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Measure | Benchmarking | F-Measure | Benchmarking | F-Measure | Benchmarking | |
Y1 | 14.054 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 7.317 ** | Bottom 70% < top 30% | 9.415 ** | 0 < 2; 1 < 2 |
Y2 | 17.904 ** | 0 < 1 < 2 | 8.242 ** | Bottom 70% < top 30% 11–30% < top 10% | 8.334 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 |
Y3 | 14.564 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 5.438 * | Bottom 70% < top 10% | 3.321 * | 0 < 2 |
Y4 | 17.659 ** | 0 < 1 < 2 | 7.246 ** | Bottom 70% < top 30% | 7.990 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 |
Y5 | 9.558 ** | 0 < 1 < 2 | 3.271 * | Bottom 70% < top 10% | ||
Y6 | 10.382 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 3.595 * | Bottom 70% < top 10% | 4.250 * | 0 < 2; 1 < 2 |
Y7 | 8.504 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 4.009 * | Bottom 90% < top 10% | 4.653 * | 0 < 2; 1 < 2 |
Y8 | 14.679 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 5.381 * | Bottom 70% < top 10% | 3.384 * | 0 < 2 |
Y9 | 9.477 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 3.072 * | 0 < 2 | ||
Y10 | 13.117 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 5.738 * | Bottom 70% < top 30% | 7.289 ** | 0 < 2; 1 < 2 |
Y11 | 7.964 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 4.254 * | Bottom 70% < top 10% | 3.605 * | 0 < 2 |
Y12 | 15.063 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 6.235 * | Bottom 90% < top 10% | 4.465 * | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 |
Y13 | 13.712 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 5.087 * | Bottom 70% < top 30% | 3.165 * | 0 < 2 |
Y14 | 10.154 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 5.658 * | Bottom 90% < top 10% | 5.191 * | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 |
Y15 | 11.684 ** | 0 < 1; 0 < 2 | 6.338 * | Bottom 90% < top 10% | 5.642 * | 0 < 2; 1 < 2 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | R2 | Adjusted R2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experience as Project Leader | Control Variable | ||||||||
Duration of Participation (Year) | Score Ranking (%) | Number of Achievements (Item) | |||||||
1–2 | ≥3 | ≤10 | 11–30 | 4–10 | ≥11 | ||||
Y1 | 0.361 ** | 0.280 ** | 0.247 ** | 0.098 * | 0.154 ** | −0.005 | 0.040 | 0.338 | 0.331 |
Y2 | 0.398 ** | 0.258 ** | 0.227 ** | 0.133 ** | 0.193 ** | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.366 | 0.358 |
Y3 | 0.488 ** | 0.261 ** | 0.200 ** | 0.042 | 0.086 | −0.026 | −0.051 | 0.398 | 0.391 |
Y4 | 0.437 ** | 0.222 ** | 0.217 ** | 0.095 * | 0.119 ** | 0.034 | −0.005 | 0.360 | 0.353 |
Y5 | 0.509 ** | 0.156 ** | 0.141 ** | 0.064 | 0.078 | −0.062 | −0.078 * | 0.343 | 0.335 |
Y6 | 0.555 ** | 0.176 ** | 0.130 ** | −0.005 | 0.044 | −0.070 * | −0.031 | 0.401 | 0.394 |
Y7 | 0.579 ** | 0.117 ** | 0.106 ** | −0.032 | 0.028 | −0.035 | −0.024 | 0.400 | 0.393 |
Y8 | 0.547 ** | 0.189 ** | 0.108 ** | 0.049 | 0.086 | −0.030 | −0.040 | 0.399 | 0.392 |
Y9 | 0.543 ** | 0.171 ** | 0.130 ** | 0.014 | 0.021 | −0.039 | −0.037 | 0.378 | 0.371 |
Y10 | 0.575 ** | 0.144 ** | 0.115 ** | 0.079 | 0.081 | −0.024 | 0.005 | 0.428 | 0.421 |
Y11 | 0.646 ** | 0.116 ** | 0.067 | −0.016 | 0.023 | −0.025 | −0.044 | 0.466 | 0.460 |
Y12 | 0.636 ** | 0.163 ** | 0.097 ** | 0.014 | 0.069 | 0.004 | −0.057 | 0.496 | 0.490 |
Y13 | 0.605 ** | 0.175 ** | 0.126 ** | 0.066 | 0.056 | −0.052 | −0.047 | 0.464 | 0.457 |
Y14 | 0.639 ** | 0.124 ** | 0.064 | −0.026 | 0.028 | 0.024 | −0.046 | 0.468 | 0.461 |
Y15 | 0.599 ** | 0.140 ** | 0.085 * | 0.031 | 0.070 | −0.040 | −0.012 | 0.436 | 0.430 |
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Xiong, T.; Zhang, J.; Huang, H. Entrepreneurship Education for Training the Talent in China: Exploring the Influencing Factors and Their Effects. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511664
Xiong T, Zhang J, Huang H. Entrepreneurship Education for Training the Talent in China: Exploring the Influencing Factors and Their Effects. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511664
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiong, Tangfei, Jianjun Zhang, and Huiyan Huang. 2023. "Entrepreneurship Education for Training the Talent in China: Exploring the Influencing Factors and Their Effects" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511664
APA StyleXiong, T., Zhang, J., & Huang, H. (2023). Entrepreneurship Education for Training the Talent in China: Exploring the Influencing Factors and Their Effects. Sustainability, 15(15), 11664. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511664