Land-Use Changes and Socioeconomic Conditions of Communities along the Carajás Railroad in Eastern Amazonia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Motivation
- Do these data reflect on the lives of the residents of the communities located in this territory?
- What are the land use and occupation conditions and their evolution in these communities from 2010 to 2017?
- Does this evolution reflect the social and economic indicators of the 2010 census and field research for the biennium 2016–2017?
- Do urban communities have better conditions than rural ones?
- The location of communities along the railroad is associated with types of land use and occupation in the territory;
- Such a location directly influences the living conditions of locals;
- The living conditions of the communities are the effect of the historical formation process of the municipalities of the Amazon region.
1.2. Theoretical Foundations
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Procedures
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Analysis
3.2. Socioeconomic Analysis
3.3. Synthesis of the Analysis
3.4. Environmental Dimension
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Pará | Maranhão | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Number of municipalities | 3 | 12 | 15 |
Number of households surveyed | 722 | 1184 | 1906 |
Total number of communities surveyed | 13 | 36 | 49 |
Number of excluded communities | 3 | 14 | 17 |
Number of communities considered | 10 | 22 | 32 |
Number of households considered | 687 | 1011 | 1698 |
Variable | Difference of averages | Mann–Whitney Test |
---|---|---|
Households | 820 ** | z = −3.514; Prob > |z| = 0.0004 |
Total income | $525,427.00 ** | z = −3.810; Prob > |z| = 0.0001 |
Poverty | −11 ** | z = 3.366; Prob > |z| = 0.0008 |
Literacy | 7 ** | z = −3.852; Prob > |z| = 0.0001 |
Radio | 8 ** | z = −4.233; Prob > |z| = 0.0000 |
Occupied population | 4 ** | z = −2.860; Prob > |z| = 0.0042 |
Variable | Difference of averages | Mann–Whitney Test |
---|---|---|
Total income | $28,889.00 ** | z = −3.048; Prob > |z|= 0.0023 |
Cell phone | 13 ** | z = −2.312; Prob > |z|= 0.0208 |
Motorcycle | −26 ** | z = 3.262; Prob > |z|= 0.0011 |
Variable | Difference in the means of variations | Mann–Whitney Test |
---|---|---|
Poverty | −14.2 ** | z = −2.413; Prob > |z| = 0.0158 |
Literate people | −6.9 ** | z = 3.937; Prob > |z| = 0.0001 |
Refrigerator | −2.3 ** | z = 3.387; Prob > |z| = 0.0007 |
Television | −0.4 ** | z = 2.604; Prob > |z| = 0.0092 |
Cell phone | −5.0 ** | z = 3.387; Prob > |z| = 0.0007 |
Motorcycle | −10.4 ** | z = 3.175; Prob > |z| = 0.0015 |
Natural from the FU | 3.5 ** | z = −2.159; Prob > |z| = 0.0308 |
Househoulds with sewage | −69.8 ** | z = 2.252; Prob > |z| = 0.0243 |
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Cristo, L.d.A.; Santos, M.A.; Matlaba, V.J. Land-Use Changes and Socioeconomic Conditions of Communities along the Carajás Railroad in Eastern Amazonia. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5132. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095132
Cristo LdA, Santos MA, Matlaba VJ. Land-Use Changes and Socioeconomic Conditions of Communities along the Carajás Railroad in Eastern Amazonia. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):5132. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095132
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristo, Laís de Andrade, Marco Aurélio Santos, and Valente José Matlaba. 2022. "Land-Use Changes and Socioeconomic Conditions of Communities along the Carajás Railroad in Eastern Amazonia" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 5132. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095132