Loss of Coastal Wetlands in Lake Burullus, Egypt: A GIS and Remote-Sensing Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Satellite-Image Acquisition and Atmospheric Correction
2.3. Land-Use Classification and Marsh Loss Assessment
2.4. Detection of Changes in Seasonal Marsh Aerial Coverage
2.5. Land-Use-Classification Accuracy: Confusion Matrix and Kappa Coefficient
3. Results
3.1. Land-Use Classification and Marsh Loss
3.2. Detection of Changes in Marsh and Water Aerial Coverage
4. Discussion
4.1. Population Growth and Food Demands Are the Major Factors for Marsh Loss in Lake Burullus
4.2. Rising Sea-Level Is a Real Threat for Marsh Loss in Egypt
4.3. Implications and Outlook
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Land-Use Classification | Landsat 5 TM 28 July 1985 | Landsat 5 TM 21 July 2000 | Landsat 8 OLI 28 July 2020 | % | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Pixels | Area km2 | Number of Pixels | Area km2 | Number of Pixels | Area km2 | % Loss (−) or Gain (+) Since 1985 | % Loss (−) or Gain (+) Since 2000 | |
Water | 286,073 | 257.5 | 301,855 | 271.7 | 443,251 | 398.9 | 54.9 | 46.8 |
Marsh | 372,853 | 335.6 | 366,309 | 329.7 | 205,903 | 185.3 | −44.8 | −43.8 |
Unvegetated lands | 109,633 | 98.7 | 56,758 | 51.1 | 30,762 | 27.7 | −71.9 | −45.8 |
Agricultural lands and/or fish farms | -- | -- | 43,621 | 39.3 | 88,639 | 79.8 | -- | 103.2 |
Total area km2 | 691.7 | 691.7 | 691.7 | -- | -- |
Land-Use Classification | Reference Water | Reference Marsh | Reference Unvegetated Lands | Reference Agricultural Lands and/or Fish Farms | Total Points |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | 42 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 44 |
Marsh | 0 | 42 | 0 | 1 | 43 |
Unvegetated lands | 0 | 0 | 40 | 1 | 41 |
Agricultural lands and/or fish farms | 0 | 0 | 2 | 38 | 40 |
Total pixels | 42 | 42 | 42 | 42 | -- |
Producer’s accuracy (%) | 100.0 | 100.0 | 95.2 | 90.5 | -- |
User’s accuracy (%) | 95.5 | 97.7 | 97.6 | 95.0 | -- |
Overall classification accuracy (%) | 96 | ||||
Kappa coefficient | 0.95 |
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Keshta, A.E.; Riter, J.C.A.; Shaltout, K.H.; Baldwin, A.H.; Kearney, M.; Sharaf El-Din, A.; Eid, E.M. Loss of Coastal Wetlands in Lake Burullus, Egypt: A GIS and Remote-Sensing Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4980. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094980
Keshta AE, Riter JCA, Shaltout KH, Baldwin AH, Kearney M, Sharaf El-Din A, Eid EM. Loss of Coastal Wetlands in Lake Burullus, Egypt: A GIS and Remote-Sensing Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(9):4980. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094980
Chicago/Turabian StyleKeshta, Amr E., J. C. Alexis Riter, Kamal H. Shaltout, Andrew H. Baldwin, Michael Kearney, Ahmed Sharaf El-Din, and Ebrahem M. Eid. 2022. "Loss of Coastal Wetlands in Lake Burullus, Egypt: A GIS and Remote-Sensing Study" Sustainability 14, no. 9: 4980. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094980