Sustainable Tourism in Cities—Nature Reserves as a ‘New’ City Space for Nature-Based Tourism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas
2.2. Reserve as a Nature Conservation Area
2.3. Nature Reserves in Cities as a Tourism Space
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Research Objective
- Do nature reserves in cities combine nature conservation and tourism functions and can they be a place for developing sustainable forms of recreation and tourism, nature-based tourism, and ecotourism?
- What is the potential for developing tourism in nature reserves in big cities?
- Which roles do nature reserves fulfil in cities?
3.2. Source Data
3.3. Study Area
3.4. Reaserch Scenario
- IAT—tourism attractiveness index
- s—score per area
- Smax—maximum score
4. Results
- reserves in the city centre, e.g., Żurawiniec, Lake Czerniakowskie, Ursynów Escarpment, Bielany Forest, Marketplace Ait;
- reserves outside the urbanised area in the natural area adjoining the city and additionally covered by other forms of protection: Strzyże Valley, Hussar Gorge, Eva Valley Headwaters, as parts of Tri-City Landscape Park and Bird Paradise reserve in Gdańsk being a Ramsar Wetland Site, Łagiewniki Forest reserve in Łódź within Łódź Hills Landscape Park and King John Sobieski Reserve in Warsaw within Masovian Landscape Park.
4.1. Results of the Scoring Valuation of Reserves—Assessment of Criteria Influencing Tourism Attractiveness of Reserves
4.1.1. Criterion—Access and Purposes of Establishment
4.1.2. Criterion—Attractiveness of Landscape and Culture
4.1.3. Criterion—Presence of Trails and Paths in the Reserves
4.1.4. Criterion—Tourism Infrastructure and Recreational Facilities in the Reserve
4.1.5. Criterion—Forms of Anthropopressure
4.1.6. Criterion—Types of Activity and Number of Visitors
4.2. Classification of Reserves According to the Tourism Attractiveness Index
4.2.1. Index above 0.8—Very High
4.2.2. Index with a Value of 0.6 to 0.79—High
4.2.3. Index with a Value of 0.4 to 0.59—Medium
4.2.4. Index with a Value of 0.2 to 0.39—Low
5. Discussion and Conclusions
- leisure and recreation sites for city dwellers due to recreational values of reserves; Similarly, ref. [86]—using the example of nature reserves in Kielce—also identifies reserves as sites to pursue culture-related objectives;
- sports and qualified tourism sites—similarly, ref. [40] mentions that it is possible to pursue these objectives in reserves within big conurbations;
- sites attractive to nature-based tourists and ecotourists (new ecotourism products in cities);
- education site (learning about nature, growing respect for the natural and cultural heritage of cities);
- new tourism products of cities, city landmarks (reserves as the last wildlife sites in cities protecting their natural and cultural heritage, unique sites improving the quality of life in cities and making attractive public spaces).
6. Recommendations
- Increased awareness of society regarding the use of nature reserves for tourism respecting nature conserved in the reserves (familiarity with prohibitions, compliance with reserve rules);
- Increased popularity of nature reserves as valuable tourism and recreation sites particularly dedicated to tourists interested in nature-based tourism and ecotourism;
- To pursue these objectives, nature conservation needs many employees, clear legislation, spatial planning, monitoring of the natural environment and tourist traffic, and support from politicians and the local community;
- This is a very serious problem. Nature reserves in cities are areas offering many natural values and valuable biodiversity that are often used for tourism and recreation in spite of formal prohibitions. The results of studies presented and described in this paper should encourage further works on changes in city legislation and planning to incorporate nature reserves as ‘new’ city spaces for developing nature-based tourism.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Postma, A.; Cavagnaro, E.; Spruyt, E. Sustainable tourism 2040. J. Tour. Futures 2017, 3, 13–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrill, R.; Potts, T. Tourism planning in historic districts: Attitudes toward tourism development in Charleston. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2003, 69, 233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chojecka, A. Znaczenie terenów zielonych w przestrzeni publicznej oraz ich wpływ na jakość życia miejskiego. Rynek-Społeczeństwo-Kult. 2014, 1, 48–54. [Google Scholar]
- Michniewicz-Ankiersztajn, H.; Józefowicz, I. Kanał Bydgoski i jego potencjał w kreowaniu zrównoważonych produktów turystycznych i ekoturystycznych na przykładzie miejskiego szlaku zielonego Greenway. Czas. Geogr. 2019, 90, 105–122. [Google Scholar]
- Zaręba, A. A multifunctional mosaic of green spaces in the context of the lower silesia region (southern Poland). Sustainable development. Probl. Ekorozw.—Probl. Sustain. Dev. 2010, 5, 45–51. [Google Scholar]
- Mokras-Grabowska, J. Recreational space—Forms, transformations and innovative trends in development. Geogr. Tour. 2019, 7, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Referowska-Chodak, E. Turystyka i rekreacja w rezerwatach przyrody. In Współczesne Tendencje w Turystyce; Siwiński, W., Tauber, R.D., Mucha-Szajek, E., Eds.; Wyd. Wyższej Szkoły Hotelarstwa i Gastronomii: Poznań, Poland, 2008; pp. 361–369. [Google Scholar]
- Malinowska, E.; Szumacher, I. Problemy funkcjonowania rezerwatów w mieście. Probl. Ekol. Krajobrazu. Rekreac. Kraj. Wys. Potencjale 2013, XXXIV, 175–180. [Google Scholar]
- Law, C.M. Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Large Cities; Mansell: London, UK, 1993. [Google Scholar]
- Timur, S.; Getz, D. Sustainable tourism development: How do destination stakeholders perceive sustainable urban tourism? Sustain. Dev. 2009, 17, 220–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilkońska, A. Slow turystyka w dużych miastach—Kreowanie nieśpiesznych dzielnic. Folia Tur. 2016, 39, 199–218. [Google Scholar]
- Królikowska-Tomczak, A.; Machnik, A. Zrównoważona turystyka miejska w kontekście turystyki kulturowej. Tur. Kult. 2019, 5, 76–98. [Google Scholar]
- ECM—European Cities Marketing. European Cities Marketing Benchmarking Report; ECM: Dijon, France, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Preisler, M. Uwarunkowania atrakcyjności turystycznej miasta. Studia Perieget. 2012, 8, 133–153. [Google Scholar]
- Bestard, A.B.; Nadal, R.J. Attitudes toward tourism and tourism congestion. Reg. Dev. 2007, 25, 193–207. [Google Scholar]
- Brouder, P.; Ioannides, D. Urban tourism and evolutionary economic geography: Complexity and co-evolution in contested spaces. Urban Forum 2014, 25, 419–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Füller, H.; Michel, B. ‘Stop being a tourist!’ New dynamics of urban tourism in Berlin—Kreuzberg. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 2014, 38, 1304–1318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dodds, R.; Butler, R. The phenomena of overtourism: A review. Int. J. Tour. Cities 2019, 5, 519–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zmyślony, P.; Pilarczyk, M. Identification of overtourism in Poznań through the analysis of social conflicts. Studia Perieget. 2020, 2, 9–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kruczek, Z. Turyści vs. mieszkańcy. Wpływ nadmiernej frekwencji turystów na proces gentryfikacji miast historycznych na przykładzie Krakowa. Tur. Kult. 2018, 3, 29–41. [Google Scholar]
- Lewandowska, A.; Chodkowska-Miszczuk, J. Zrównoważona turystyka miejska jako nowe, niezbędne podejście do rozwoju turystyki kulturowej. Przykład Torunia. Tur. Kult. 2019, 5, 99–120. [Google Scholar]
- Kowalczyk-Anioł, J.; Zmyślony, P. Turystyka miejska jako źródło protestów społecznych: Przykłady Wenecji i Barcelony. Tur. Kult. 2017, 2, 7–36. [Google Scholar]
- Almeida-García, F.; Cortés-Macías, R.; Parzych, K. Tourism impacts, tourism-phobia and gentrification in historic centers: The Cases of Málaga (Spain) and Gdansk (Poland). Sustainability 2021, 13, 408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramos, S.P.; Mundet, L. Tourism-phobia in Barcelona: Dismantling discursive strategies and power games in the construction of a sustainable tourist city. J. Tour. Cult. Chang. 2021, 19, 113–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa, T.; Umbelino, J.; de Lurdes Calisto, M.; Nunes, S.; Afonso, V.A. Impacts of tourism and residents’ perceptions: A study in the regional tourism area of Lisbon. Eur. J. Tour. Hosp. Recreat. 2020, 10, 28–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torkington, K.; Ribeiro, F.P. Whose right to the city? An analysis of the mediatized politics of place surrounding alojamento local issues in Lisbon and Porto. J. Sustain. Tour. 2020, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashworth, G.; Page, S.J. Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes. Tour. Manag. 2011, 32, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gaweł, Ł. Rozwój turystyki a polityka zrównoważonego rozwoju miast historycznych (na przykładzie Krakowa). Tur. Kult. 2013, 10, 39–52. [Google Scholar]
- Heffner, K. Małe miasta—Problemy badawcze i próby syntetycznych ujęć. In Małe Miasta a Rozwój Lokalny i Regionalny; Heffner, K., Ed.; AE: Katowice, Poland, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Sebastian, L.M.; Rajagopalan, P. Socio-Cultural transformations through tourism: A comparison of residents’ perspectives at two destinations in Kerala, India. J. Tour. Cult. Change 2009, 7, 5–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Środa-Murawska, S.; Grzelak-Kostulska, E.; Biegańska, J.; Dabrowski, L.S. Culture and sustainable tourism: Does the pair pay in medium-sized cities? Sustainability 2021, 13, 9072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oluigbo, S.N. Sustainable tourism architecture: User evaluation of Argungu fishing village. In Proceedings of the West Africa Built Environment Research (WABER) Conference, Accra, Ghana, 19–21 July 2011; pp. 897–904. [Google Scholar]
- Podgórski, Z.; Gonia, A.; Gaca, K. Sacralisation of Urban Space on the Example of Bydgoszcz (Poland). In Proceedings of the International Conference of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering 2018 (ICCMSE 2018), Thessaloniki, Greece, 14–18 March 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jezierska-Thöle, A.; Biczkowski, M.; Thöle, M. Importance and role: The Way of Saint James in the development of international tourism in border-adjacent areas of Poland and Germany. Ekon. Probl. Tur. 2018, 42, 195–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hunter, C. Sustainable tourism and the touristic ecological footprint. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2002, 4, 7–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, R.; Williams, P.; Griffin, T. (Eds.) Sustainable Tourism: A Global Perspective; Routledge: London, UK, 2002; p. 332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hunter, C. Aspects of the sustainable tourism debate from a natural resources’ perspective. In Sustainable Tourism; Harris, R., Griffin, T., Williams, P., Eds.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford, UK, 2012; pp. 3–23. [Google Scholar]
- Alejziak, W. Turystyka w Obliczu Wyzwań XXI w.; ALBIS: Kraków, Poland, 1999; p. 316. [Google Scholar]
- Kurek, W. Turystyka; Wyd. Nauk. PWN: Warszawa, Poland, 2007; p. 541. [Google Scholar]
- Staniewska-Zątek, W. Z badań nad przystosowaniem rezerwatów przyrody do zwiedzania. Turystyka w rezerwatach—Tak czy nie (?)—Dyskusji ciąg dalszy. Studia Mater. Cent. Edukac. Przyr.-Leśnej 2009, 4, 151–157. [Google Scholar]
- Dinica, V. The role of European Union in a sustainable European tourism. In Proceedings of the Cutting Edge Research in Tourism Conference, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, 6–9 June 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Moscardo, G. Sustainable tourism innovation: Challenging basic assumptions. Tour. Hosp. Res. 2008, 8, 4–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavagnaro, E.; Curiel, G. The Three Levels of Sustainability; Greenleaf Publishing: Sheffield, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Heymann, E.; Ehmer, P. Tourism 2030: Climate change is recharting the map of world tourism. In Trends and Issues in Global Tourism; Conrady, R., Buck, M., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2009; pp. 39–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jezierska-Thöle, A. Rural Development of North and West Poland and East Germany; Wyd. Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika: Toruń, Poland, 2018; p. 555. [Google Scholar]
- Butler, R.W. Tourism—An evolutionary perspective. Dep. Geogr. Publ. Ser.-Univ. Waterloo 1999, 52, 33–62. [Google Scholar]
- Higgins-Desbiolles, F. The elusiveness of sustainability in tourism: The culture-ideology of consumerism and its implications. Tour. Hosp. Res. 2010, 10, 116–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rempel de Oliveira, A.; Santos, S.; Lobo, H. Environmental attitudes and tourist satisfaction in overloaded natural protected areas. J. Travel Res. 2021, 60, 1667–1676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nitti, M.; Pilloni, V.; Giusto, D.; Popescu, V. IoT Architecture for a sustainable tourism application in a smart city environment. Mob. Inf. Syst. 2017, 2017, 9201640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Da Silva, F.P.; Brandão, F.; Sousa, B. Towards socially sustainable tourism in cities: Local community perceptions and development guidelines. Enl. Tour. A Pathmaking J. 2019, 9, 168–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramkissoon, H.; Weiler, B.; Smith, L.D.G. Place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour in national parks: The development of a conceptual framework. J. Sustain. Tour. 2012, 20, 257–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Saveriades, A. Establishing the social tourism carrying capacity for the tourist resorts of the east coast of the Republic of Cyprus. Tour. Manag. 2000, 21, 147–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zielińska, A. Gospodarowanie na Obszarach Przyrodniczo Cennych w Polsce w Kontekście Rozwoju Zrównoważonego; Monografie i Opracowania Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 236: Wrocław, Poland, 2013; p. 268. [Google Scholar]
- Act of 16 April 2004 on the Nature Conservation, 2004. Dz. U. z 2020 r. poz. 55, 471, 1378. Available online: https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU20040920880 (accessed on 20 October 2021).
- General Directorate for Environmental Protection. Available online: www.gdos.gov.pl (accessed on 20 October 2021).
- Staszewska, A. Turystyka miejska jako okazja do spotkań przedstawicieli różnych kultur. In O Spotkaniach w Pracy. Szkice Psychologiczne; Ratajczak, Z., Gałuszka, A., Eds.; Difin: Warszawa, Poland, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Machnik, A. Turystyka przyrodnicza w mieście. Studia Perieget. 2018, 1, 119–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giedych, R. Ochrona Przyrody w Polityce Przestrzennej Miast; Studia KPZK PAN vol. CXC; KPZK PAN and Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie: Warszawa, Poland, 2018; p. 252. [Google Scholar]
- Ptaszycka-Jackowska, D.; Baranowska-Janota, M. Przyrodnicze Obszary Chronione. Możliwości Użytkowania; Instytut Gospodarki Przestrzennej i Komunalnej; IGPiK: Warszawa, Poland, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Wasilewski, M.; Szulczewska, B. Protection objectives in Polish urban nature reserves as a challenge for their management. Maz. Studia Reg. 2017, 22, 15–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tokarska-Osyczka, A. Czy można pogodzić turystykę z ochroną przyrody? Uniw. Zielonogórski Zesz. Nauk. 2015, 160, 5–14. [Google Scholar]
- Genstwa, N.; Hadyński, J.; Maciejewska, J. Waloryzacja przydatności turystycznej regionu na przykładzie odcinka Wielkiej Pętli Wielkopolski. Rozw. Reg. Polityka Reg. 2019, 48, 55–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Central Register of Nature Conservation Forms Kept by the General Directorate for Environmental Protection. Available online: http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/CRFOP/ (accessed on 20 October 2021).
- The Maps of General Directorate for Environmental Protection (Geoserwis Mapy). Available online: http://geoserwis.gdos.gov.pl/mapy/ (accessed on 20 October 2021).
- Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography. Available online: https://mapy.geoportal.gov.pl/ (accessed on 25 October 2021).
- Forest Data Bank. Available online: https://www.bdl.lasy.gov.pl/portal/mapy (accessed on 30 October 2021).
- National Institute of Cultural Heritage. Available online: https://mapy.zabytek.gov.pl/nid/ (accessed on 25 October 2021).
- Jermaczek, A. Ochrona rezerwatowa w Polsce—Czy dokądś zmierzamy? Przegląd Przyr. XXVII 2016, 4, 3–17. [Google Scholar]
- Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Jahrbuch 2019. Available online: https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Jahrbuch/_inhalt.html (accessed on 5 September 2021).
- Fornal-Pieniak, B.; Wysocki, C.; Chyliński, K.W. Waloryzacja turystyczna Ciężkowicko-Rożnowskiego Parku Krajobrazowego. Probl. Ekol. Krajobrazu. Rekreac. Kraj. Potencjale 2013, XXXIV, 281–285. [Google Scholar]
- Matulewski, P. Turystyka w rezerwatach przyrody na obszarze regionu brodnickiego. Współczesne Probl. Kierun. Badaw. Geogr. 2014, 2, 49–61. [Google Scholar]
- Wilczek, Z.; Zarzycki, W.; Zarzycka, M.; Chabowski, S. Znaczenie Rezerwatów przyrody w rozwoju ekoturystyki w Beskidzie Śląskim. Przegląd Przyr. 2016, XXVII, 163–181. [Google Scholar]
- Sołowiej, D. Podstawy Metodyki Oceny Środowiska Przyrodniczego Człowieka. Wyd. Nauk; UAM: Poznań, Poland, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Tokarska-Osyczka, A.; Iszkuło, G. Waloryzacja przyrodniczo-krajobrazowa, kulturowa oraz ocena atrakcyjności turystycznej gmin na terenie Pojezierza Międzychodzko-Sierakowskiego. Uniw. Zielonogórski Zesz. Nauk. 2014, 153, 67–81. [Google Scholar]
- Parzych, K. Ocena zróżnicowania atrakcyjności turystycznej gmin województwa zachodniopomorskiego. Przegląd Zachodniopom. 2012, XXVII, 73–86. [Google Scholar]
- Buczek-Kowalik, M. Waloryzacja turystyczna środowiska przyrodniczego wybranych gmin Pogórza Dynowskiego i Przemyskiego. In Problemy Ochrony Środowiska Przyrodniczego i Kulturowego Pogórza Dynowskiego w Rozwoju Turystyki; Krupa, J., Ed.; Związek Gmin Turystycznych Pogórza Dynowskiego: Dynów, Poland, 2016; pp. 309–321. [Google Scholar]
- Antolak, M. Problemy zagospodarowania turystycznego rezerwatów przyrody na przykładzie rezerwatu przyrody Dolina Rzeki Wałszy. Uniw. Zielonogórski Zesz. Nauk. 2013, 149, 14–22. [Google Scholar]
- Matczak, A. Województwa o funkcji turystycznej a obszary o skażonym środowisku geograficznym w Polsce. Turyzm 1997, 1, 57–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rezerwat Przyrody Las Kabacki im. Stefana Starzyńskiego—Największy Kompleks Leśny w Granicach Warszawy. Available online: https://www.rme.cbr.net.pl/index.php/archiwum-rme/766-marzec-kwiecien-nr-84/ekologia-i-srodowisko/1139-rezerwat-przyrody-las-kabacki-im-stefana-starzynskiego-najwiekszy-kompleks-lesny-w-granicach-warszawy (accessed on 5 September 2021).
- SGGW Zagrodziła Popularny Szlak Turystyczny. “Zakaz Wstępu—To Rezerwat”. Available online: https://www.haloursynow.pl/artykuly/sggw-zagrodzila-popularny-szlak-turystyczny-zakaz-wstepu-to-rezerwat,6106.htm (accessed on 5 September 2021).
- Las Bielański do Zamknięcia! Available online: https://www.se.pl/warszawa/las-bielanski-do-zamkniecia-aa-dgGD-RSsY-xL9f.html (accessed on 5 September 2021).
- Park Natoliński otwarty dla mieszkańców? Nie będzie łatwo. Available online: https://www.haloursynow.pl/artykuly/park-natolinski-otwarty-dla-mieszkancow-nie-bedzie-latwo,7720.htm (accessed on 5 September 2021).
- Park Natoliński Dla Wszystkich? Są Przeciwnicy. Available online: https://www.haloursynow.pl/artykuly/park-natolinski-dla-wszystkich-sa-przeciwnicy,6033.htm (accessed on 5 September 2021).
- Żurawiniec. Czy uda się ocalić unikatowy rezerwat przyrody? Available online: https://www.poznan.pl/mim/info/news/zurawiniec-czy-uda-sie-ocalic-unikatowy-rezerwat-przyrody,89217.html (accessed on 5 September 2021).
- Lindberg, K. Policies for Maximizing Nature Tourism’s Ecological and Economic Benefits; International Conservation Financing Project Working Paper; World Resources Institute: Washington, DC, USA, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Cisło, Ł. Kieleckie rezerwaty przyrody oraz ocena ich atrakcyjności regionalnej. Rocz. Świętokrzyski. Ser. B—Nauk. Przyr. 2013, 34, 9–22. [Google Scholar]
- Senczyno, M.; Gerlée, A. Wpływ zmian użytkowania terenu na przyrodę rezerwatów położonych w strefie rozwoju miast na przykładzie Lasu Natolińskiego i Lasu Kabackiego im. Stefana Starzyńskiego. Pr. Studia Geogr. 2017, 62, 31–51. [Google Scholar]
Evaluation Criteria | Scoring Scale | |
---|---|---|
I. Criterion—Access and purposes of establishment (max. 4 pt) | Formal access | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt |
Purposes of establishment mentioned in reserve founding documents | social objectives—1 pt | |
none—0 pt | ||
Permitted uses | within 3 or more forms—2 pt | |
1–2 forms—1 pt | ||
none—0 pt | ||
II. Criterion—Attractiveness of landscape and culture (max. 8 pt) | Variations in land relief | more than 20 m—2 pt |
from 10 to 20 m—1 pt | ||
less than 10 m—0 pt | ||
Variations in landscape according to Corine | more than 1 landscape type—1 pt | |
1 landscape type—0 pt | ||
Water reservoirs, natural and artificial watercourses, springs, wetlands | two or more forms—2 pt | |
one form—1 pt | ||
none—0 pt | ||
Location in protected areas | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Nature monuments | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Objects of culture in the reserve and other noteworthy objects in or visible from the reserve | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
III. Criterion—Presence of trails and paths in the reserve (max. 3 pt) | Tourist trails | inside the reserve—2 pt |
only at the boundary—1 pt | ||
none—0 pt | ||
Educational paths | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
IV. Criterion—Tourism infrastructure and recreational facilities in the reserve (max. 11 pt) | Tourist view towers | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt |
Footbridges | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Umbrella roofs | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Benches | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Signboard with reserve name at the entrance | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Signboard with information on reserve | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Footpaths with information boards or QR codes | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Trespassing barriers, keep out signs for other paths | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Litter Bins | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Running paths, health trails, playgrounds | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
Nature reserve parking lot | yes—1 pt; no—0 pt | |
V. Criterion—Forms of anthropopressure (max. 6 pt) | Damage of vegetation | no—1 pt; yes—1 pt |
Damage of sculpture | no—1 pt; yes—1 pt | |
litter | no—1 pt; yes—1 pt | |
Traces of bonfires | no—1 pt; yes—1 pt | |
Illegal paths | no—1 pt; yes—1 pt | |
Other forms of anthropopressure: noise, unpleasant smell | no—1 pt; yes—1 pt | |
VI. Criterion—Types of activity and number of visitors (max. 4 pt) | Observed types of activity | many—2 pt |
average—1 pt | ||
little—0 pt | ||
Number of visitors | many—2 pt | |
average—1 pt | ||
little—0 pt |
Cities | Name of the Reserve | Formal Access | Type of Reserve | Establishment Period | Area in Ha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gdańsk | Strzyże Valley (Dolina Strzyży) | yes | forest | the 1st decade of the 21st century | 38.52 |
Hussar Gorge (Wąwóz Huzarów) | no | forest | the 1st decade of the 21st century | 2.87 | |
Eva Valley Headwaters (Źródliska w Dolinie Ewy) | yes | forest | the 80’s. | 12.04 | |
Bird Paradise (Ptasi Raj) | yes | not specified | the 50’s. | 198.07 | |
Poznań | Morasko | yes | landscape | the 70’s. | 54.28 |
Żurawiniec | no | inanimate nature | the 50’s. | 1.67 | |
Łódź | Łagiewniki Forest (Las Łagiewnicki) | yes | forest | the 90’s. | 69.86 |
Polesie Konstantynowskie | no—fenced, visitors not allowed | forest | the 50’s. | 9.8 | |
Toruń | Marketplace Ait (Kępa Bazarowa) | yes | forest | the 80’s. | 32.4 |
Warszawa | Kabacki Forest (Las Kabacki) | yes | forest | the 80’s. | 903.5993 |
Nataliński Forest (Las Natoliński) | yes—closed, guided tours only | forest | the 90’s. | 104.2204 | |
Ursynów Escarpment (Skarpa Ursynowska) | yes | landscape | the 90’s. | 20.8037 | |
Morysin | yes—guided tours against payment only as a part of the offer of the Wilanów Museum | forest | the 90’s. | 53.4565 | |
Lake Czerniakowskie (Jeziorko Czerniakowskie) | yes | aquatic | the 80’s. | 47.6767 | |
Olszynka Grochowska | yes | forest | the 80’s. | 59.449 | |
Kawęczyn | yes | forest | the 90’s. | 69.7101 | |
King John Sobieski Reserve (Rez. Króla im. Jana Sobieskiego) | no | forest | the 50’s. | 114.4071 | |
Jack’s Swamp (Bagno Jacka) | no | peatland | the 80’s. | 19.45 | |
Bielany Forest (Las Bielański) | yes | forest | the 70’s. | 132.5915 |
The Tourism Attractiveness Index | Nature Reserves | Cities | Type of Reserve |
---|---|---|---|
0.0–0.19—very low | none | none | none |
0.2–0.39—low | Marketplace Ait (0.28) | Toruń | forest |
Hussar Gorge (0.31) | Gdańsk | forest | |
Jack’s Swamp (0.31) | Warszawa | peatland | |
Żurawiniec (0.33) | Poznań | inanimate nature | |
Kawęczyn (0.39) | Warszawa | forest | |
0.4–0.59—medium | Eva Valley Headwaters (0.44) | Gdańsk | forest |
King John Sobieski Reserve (0.47) | Warszawa | forest | |
Olszynka Grochowska (0,47) | Warszawa | forest | |
Strzyże Valley (0.53) | Gdańsk | forest | |
Ursynów Escarpment (0.53) | Warszawa | landscape | |
Morasko (0.58) | Poznań | forest | |
Łagiewniki Forest (0.58) | Łódź | forest | |
0.6–0.79—high | Lake Czerniakowskie (0.67) | Warszawa | aquatic |
Bird Paradise (0.69) | Gdańsk | not specified | |
Bielany Forest (0.69) | Warszawa | forest | |
0.8 and more—very high | Kabacki Forest (0.86) | Warszawa | forest |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gonia, A.; Jezierska-Thöle, A. Sustainable Tourism in Cities—Nature Reserves as a ‘New’ City Space for Nature-Based Tourism. Sustainability 2022, 14, 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031581
Gonia A, Jezierska-Thöle A. Sustainable Tourism in Cities—Nature Reserves as a ‘New’ City Space for Nature-Based Tourism. Sustainability. 2022; 14(3):1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031581
Chicago/Turabian StyleGonia, Alicja, and Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle. 2022. "Sustainable Tourism in Cities—Nature Reserves as a ‘New’ City Space for Nature-Based Tourism" Sustainability 14, no. 3: 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031581