Public Awareness, Lifestyle and Low-Carbon City Transformation in China: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How are public awareness and low-carbon cities defined from different disciplinary perspectives?
- What can the public do for low-carbon city transformation (public behaviour that contributes to low-carbon development)?
- What are the factors that influence the public to change their behaviour and lifestyle in order to reduce carbon emissions?
2. Methods
2.1. Literature Search Procedure
2.1.1. Research Aims
- (1)
- Deeply discuss the related concepts and theories of the low-carbon city, climate change and public awareness in different fields
- (2)
- Show the process and development of low-carbon city transformation in China
- (3)
- Learn about the challenges and barriers to public attitude and behaviour change regarding a low-carbon life and climate action, which are related to a low-carbon city transformation
- (4)
- Identify main journals and authors in these fields
2.1.2. Key Words
- public awareness,
- low-carbon,
- city transformation.
2.2. Databases and Literature Search
2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
- Time span: 1 January 2008–1 August 2021
- Language: English or Chinese
- Type of papers: all related papers (empirical and theoretical) and reviews (conference papers, books and book chapters; technical reports were excluded)
- Study location: mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau or Taiwan
- Subject areas: Environmental Science; Educational Research; Social Science; Economics; Communication; Business and Management; Political Science; Public Administration; Urban Planning and Study; Ethics; Psychological Science; Behavioural Science; Tourism.
- Excluding any articles related to Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Agricultural and Biological Science, Engineering, Medicine.
- Focus on:
- urban environmental problem and low-carbon city development
- public behaviour and attitudes about low-carbon lifestyle (including tourism, transport, building, consumption)
- the relationship between people’s lifestyle and climate change
- the method, data collection, questions and results are clear.
2.4. Data Extraction and Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. General Results
3.2. Research Question 1
3.2.1. Definitions
3.2.2. Theoretical Framework
3.2.3. Methodology
3.3. Research Question 2
3.4. Research Question 3
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Search Terms |
---|---|
Public Awareness | “public awareness” OR “public concern” OR “public attitude” AND “public behaviour” OR” lifestyle” |
AND | |
Low-carbon | “climate change” OR “low-carbon” OR “PM2.5” |
AND | |
City transformation | “city transformation” OR “cities” OR “urban” |
AND | |
China | China |
Definitions | Authors |
---|---|
Low-carbon cities | Sun et al., 2021; Hunter et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2016; Shi, 2015a; Wang, 2012; Dou et al., 2017; Dai et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2020; |
Low-carbon economy | Dou et al., 2017; Shi, 2015a; Liu, 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Tao, 2011; |
Low-carbon consumption | Zhou et al., 2020; Xue, 2020; Liu et al., 2019; Zhuang, 2019; Shi, 2015b; Zhao et al., 2015; Shi, 2015a;Yang et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2017; He et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2021; Liu, 2010; Tang et al., 2014; Zhang, 2016; Dou et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2011; Hu et al., 2014; Tang et al., 2018; Wang, 2011; Chen et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2021; Rong et al., 2020; Ding et al., 2017; Ye et al., 2017; Tao et al., 2013. |
Theory | Authors |
---|---|
Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) | Tang et al., 2016; Shi, 2015b; Zhao et al., 2015a; Shi, 2015a; Liu, 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2015b; Li et al., 2016; |
Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) | Liu, 2010; Zhao et al., 2015b; |
Knowledge-Attitude-Behaviour (KAB) | Zhao et al., 2015a; |
Social capital | Li et al., 2021; |
Social exchange theory | Zhao et al., 2015a; Zhao et al., 2015b. |
Methods | Utilization in Selected Articles |
---|---|
Questionnaire | Rong et al., 2020; Xue, 2020; Ye et al., 2017; Tao et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2016; Tang et al., 2016; Shi, 2015a; Zhao et al., 2015; Shi, 2015b; Dai et al., 2011; Jiang et al., 2016; Cheng et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016; Han et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; He et al., 2011; |
Big data | Li et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2018; Yang et al., 2017; |
Field survey | Xue, 2020; Zhang et al., 2016; |
Interview | Wang et al.,2011; Zhang et al., 2016; |
Penal data | Zhao et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2020; |
Experimental method | Tang et al., 2019. |
Category | Behaviour Contributes to Low-Carbon City Transformation | Authors |
---|---|---|
Low-carbon consumption | Buy low-carbon products | Sun et al., 2021; Dou et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2013; Zhuang 2019; Shi, 2015b; Zhao et al., 2015; Wang, 2012; Dai et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2011; Han et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; |
Recycle, reduce waste, energy saving (reduce over-packaging, reduce use of plastic bags and other one-time products) | Tang et al., 2016; Dou et al.,2017; Zhao et al., 2015; Shi, 2015b; Wang, 2012; Dai et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2016; Han et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2015; Tao, 2011; Sun et al., 2015; | |
Leisure and recreation | Leisure and recreation are low carbon (indirect consumption) | Liu t al, 2019; Tang et al., 2018; |
Low-carbon tourism | Tang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2015; | |
Clean energy | clean energy, renewable energy | Xue, 2020; Liu et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2013; |
Food | Low-carbon food | Liu et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2017; Dou et al., 2017; Shi, 2015a; Shi, 2015b; Dai et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2014; Han et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2012; |
Clothes | Reducing the energy in garment consumption | Ding et al., 2017; Shi, 2015b; Shi, 2015a; |
Housing | Using energy-saving equipment (TV, Air Conditioner, Refrigerator, lighting) | Rong et al., 2020; Zhuang, 2019; Wang et al., 2011; |
Close the electricity, TV, airconditioning on time | Zhang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2011; | |
Using natural gas, saving heating and electricity | Rong et al., 2020; Ding et al., 2017; Tao et al., 2013; Hubacek et al., 2012; Han et al., 2017; | |
Extending building lifespan and the recycling of building wastes | Tao et al., 2013; | |
Garbage sorting | Tang LC et al., 2016; Cheng X et al., 2021; Han YL et al., 2017; | |
Transportation | low-carbon transportation | Sun, et al., 2021; Li et al., 2019; Ding et al., 2017; Dou et al., 2017; Tao et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2013; Shi, 2015a; Shi, 2015b; Wang, 2012; Zhao et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2014; Han et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2018; Chen et al., 2012; |
Public transportation | Xue 2020; Wang et al., 2016; Dai et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2015; | |
Cycling, shared Bicycle | Hunter et al., 2019; Zhuang 2019; Wang et al., 2016; Dai et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2011; | |
Walking | Hunter et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2016; | |
Communication | Environmental education | Wang et al., 2016; |
Learn about low-carbon policy | Wang et al., 2016; | |
Introduce low-carbon products to relatives and friends | Tang et al., 2016; | |
Social activities | Participate in low-carbon activities | Tang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2015; |
participate in social management | Li et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020; | |
Concern about environmental problems | Li et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2016; | |
Pay for personal emission | Wang et al., 2017. |
Categories | Factors | Authors |
---|---|---|
Individual psychological factors | Attitude | Zhao et al., 2015; Liu, 2010; Hu et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2012; |
Awareness | Dou et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2013; Shi, 2015b; Li et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2021; He et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; | |
Education and Knowledge | Xue, 2020; Li et al., 2019; Dou et al., 2017; Ye et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2016; Wang, 2012; Dai et al., 2011; Jiang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017; Cheng et al., 2021; Liu, 2010; Tang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2011; Han et al., 2017;Hu et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2011; Chen et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016; | |
Value | Shi, 2015a; Shi, 2015b; Hu et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; | |
Beliefs | Jiang et al., 2016; Liu, 2010; Li et al., 2016; | |
Habitual preference and behaviour | Consumption habits | Wang et al., 2016; He et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2016; |
past and general behaviours | Li et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2015; Qian, 2010; Zhang et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016; | |
Demographics (age) | Shi, 2015a; Tang et al., 2018; | |
Demographics (income) | Liu et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019; Ye et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2013; Hubacek et al., 2012; Dai et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2018; | |
Demographics (job occupation) | Wang et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2016; | |
Demographics (areas) | Zhou et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2018; | |
Contextual or situational factors | Economy | Zhou et al., 2020; Li et al., 2019; Dou et al., 2017; Ye et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2011; Han et al., 2017; Zhao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2012; |
Social norms | Zhuang, 2009; Tang et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2015; He et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2015; Shi, 2015b; Jiang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; | |
Supporting facilities | Zhuang, 2009; Dai et al., 2011; Lu et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Sun et al., 2015; | |
Policies | Sun et al.,2021; Xue, 2020; Li et al., 2019; Dou et al., 2017; Tao et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2013; Hubacek et al., 2012; Zhuang, 2009; Shi, 2015a; Shi, 2015b; Li et al., 2021; Yang et al., 2017; He et al., 2011; Qian, 2010; Tang et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2011; Han et al., 2017;Hu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Lu et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016; | |
Technology | Liu et al., 2019; Hunter et al.,2019; Dou et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2013; Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2017; He et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2014; Han et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016; | |
Culture | Zhuang, 2009; Tang et al., 2016; Shi, 2015a; Zhao et al., 2015; Wang, 2012; Dai et al., 2011;Yang et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2011; Han et al., 2017; Tang et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2012; Li et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; | |
Media | Sun et al.,2021; Liu et al., 2019; Tang et al., 2016; Wang, 2012; Lu et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2011; Hu et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016. |
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Wu, Y.; Martens, P.; Krafft, T. Public Awareness, Lifestyle and Low-Carbon City Transformation in China: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 10121. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610121
Wu Y, Martens P, Krafft T. Public Awareness, Lifestyle and Low-Carbon City Transformation in China: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability. 2022; 14(16):10121. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610121
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yan, Pim Martens, and Thomas Krafft. 2022. "Public Awareness, Lifestyle and Low-Carbon City Transformation in China: A Systematic Literature Review" Sustainability 14, no. 16: 10121. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610121