Tranquillity in Urban Classical Chinese Gardens and Modern Parks: The Effect of Natural and Contextual Features
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Classical Chinese Gardens
2.3. Modern Parks
2.4. Characteristics of the Study Sites
2.5. Questionnaire Design and Data Collection
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Average Rated Tranquillity
3.2. Park Characteristics
3.3. Soundscape in Tranquility
3.4. Park Elements
4. Conclusions and Limitations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Name | References |
---|---|---|
1 | Rocks (geological features) | [47,48,49] |
2 | Pavement | [49] |
3 | Pavilions | [43,44,47,48,49] |
4 | Threshold in buildings | [49] |
5 | Teahouse | [48] |
6 | Bridges | [43,44,47,48] |
7 | Courtyards | [48] |
8 | Pathways/Covered Corridors | [43,44,47,48] |
9 | Pagoda | [44] |
10 | Wall (built with brick, stone, or rammed earth) | [44] |
11 | Decorated windows | [47] |
12 | Gates of various shapes (e.g., round, flower-shaped) | [43,47] |
Parameter | Park | Park Type | City | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived Tranquillity (T) | Lingnan Garden | CCG | HK | 4.93 | 0.73 |
Lai Chi Kok Park | MP | HK | 4.86 | 0.71 | |
Kowloon Walled City Park | CCG | HK | 4.66 | 0.81 | |
Zhujiang Park | MP | GZ | 4.55 | 1.08 | |
Liwanhu Park | CCG | GZ | 3.96 | 1.11 | |
Yuexiu Park | CCG | GZ | 3.96 | 1.02 | |
Average | 4.33 | 1.06 |
Parameter | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Perceived Tranquillity (T) | CCG | 4.16 | 1.06 |
MP | 4.62 | 1.02 | |
HK | 4.78 | 0.76 | |
GZ | 4.18 | 1.10 |
Park Characteristic | Lingnan Garden | Lai Chi Kok Park | Kowloon Walled City Park | Zhujiang Park | Liwanhu Park | Yuexiu Park |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suitable for families to visit | 5.00 ± 0.84 | 5.35 ± 0.71 | 4.83 ± 1.03 | 4.77 ± 1.23 | 4.66 ± 1.04 | 5.11 ± 0.99 |
Good place for entertainment | 4.73 ± 0.95 | 4.95 ± 0.85 | 3.94 ± 1.32 | 4.12 ± 1.61 | 4.20 ± 1.07 | 4.95 ± 1.09 |
Easy to walk around | 5.22 ± 0.73 | 5.47 ± 0.73 | 4.39 ± 1.19 | 5.08 ± 1.02 | 5.15 ± 0.71 | 4.93 ± 0.95 |
Pleasant surrounding areas | 5.47 ± 0.63 | 5.56 ± 0.86 | 5.20 ± 0.69 | 5.27 ± 0.91 | 5.01 ± 0.94 | 5.30 ± 0.78 |
Convenient public transport | 5.54 ± 0.57 | 5.48 ± 0.77 | 4.36 ± 1.46 | 4.92 ± 1.01 | 4.83 ± 0.87 | 5.06 ± 0.96 |
Good overall ambience | 5.31 ± 0.73 | 5.50 ± 0.53 | 5.30 ± 0.66 | 5.09 ± 0.95 | 4.90 ± 0.91 | 5.36 ± 0.73 |
Abundant vegetation cover | 5.19 ± 0.77 | 5.45 ± 0.56 | 5.11 ± 0.82 | 5.23 ± 0.97 | 4.96 ± 0.90 | 5.31 ± 0.88 |
Clean and tidy overall | 5.17 ± 0.84 | 5.41 ± 0.68 | 5.11 ± 0.86 | 5.23 ± 0.95 | 4.88 ± 1.02 | 5.26 ± 0.94 |
Peaceful and quiet | 5.34 ± 0.65 | 5.23 ± 0.89 | 5.41 ± 0.64 | 5.23 ± 0.97 | 4.69 ± 1.16 | 4.82 ± 1.08 |
Plenty of activities to participate | 4.19 ± 1.11 | 3.88 ± 1.23 | 2.89 ± 1.24 | 3.63 ± 1.68 | 4.03 ± 1.25 | 4.71 ± 1.17 |
Categories | Components | Mean | SD | G1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation | Trees | 5.01 | 0.90 | −1.12 |
Flowers | 4.31 | 1.29 | −0.93 | |
Grassland | 4.41 | 1.17 | −0.96 | |
Shrubs | 4.83 | 0.97 | −0.93 | |
Bonsai | 4.23 | 1.12 | −0.76 | |
Wildlife | Small animals | 3.89 | 1.32 | −0.31 |
Birds | 4.43 | 1.25 | −0.78 | |
Water-related features | Waterfall | 4.35 | 1.06 | −0.81 |
Lake | 4.87 | 1.03 | −1.22 | |
Ponds | 4.47 | 1.07 | −0.79 | |
Rivers | 4.19 | 1.21 | −0.38 | |
Contextual features | Geological features | 4.48 | 1.02 | −0.90 |
Bridges | 4.45 | 0.95 | −0.65 | |
Pavilions | 4.54 | 1.00 | −0.86 | |
Teahouses | 4.29 | 1.31 | −0.88 |
Categories | Components | Mean | SD | G1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation | Trees | 5.11 | 0.83 | −1.55 |
Flowers | 4.61 | 1.05 | −1.18 | |
Grassland | 4.53 | 1.14 | −0.94 | |
Shrubs | 4.74 | 1.07 | −0.95 | |
Bonsai | 3.89 | 1.21 | −0.05 | |
Wildlife | Small animals | 4.16 | 1.28 | −0.38 |
Birds | 4.60 | 1.13 | −0.79 | |
Water-related features | Waterfall | 4.53 | 1.04 | −0.82 |
Lake | 4.85 | 1.08 | −1.31 | |
Ponds | 4.51 | 1.06 | −0.69 | |
Rivers | 4.44 | 1.04 | −0.58 |
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Marafa, L.M.; Wang, Z.; Tsang, F.K.H. Tranquillity in Urban Classical Chinese Gardens and Modern Parks: The Effect of Natural and Contextual Features. Sustainability 2022, 14, 9555. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159555
Marafa LM, Wang Z, Tsang FKH. Tranquillity in Urban Classical Chinese Gardens and Modern Parks: The Effect of Natural and Contextual Features. Sustainability. 2022; 14(15):9555. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159555
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarafa, Lawal M., Zhe Wang, and Felix K. H. Tsang. 2022. "Tranquillity in Urban Classical Chinese Gardens and Modern Parks: The Effect of Natural and Contextual Features" Sustainability 14, no. 15: 9555. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159555