Sustainable Design of Temporary Buildings in Emergency Situations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Project Requirements
2.1. Settleability in the Territory
- -
- clustering areas, for the dispatch of civil protection forces and resources in the case of an event;
- -
- waiting for areas or “meeting points”, as a point of collection of the population at the occurrence of a calamitous event;
- -
- reception areas, for the installation of suitable materials and facilities to ensure housing assistance to the population.
- -
- The attention goes to these latter ones that must have some specific characteristics:
- -
- suitable, in terms of size, for accommodating the number of persons expected to be affected by the emergency;
- -
- located on a site easily accessible even by large vehicles;
- -
- the availability of easily connectable water and electricity resources in the vicinity;
- -
- are safe areas about possible risks of flooding, hydrogeological disruption, or disruption of services and/or use of primary infrastructure.
2.2. Energy Efficiency for Temporary Buildings
2.3. Transportability
Types of Containers Available on the Market
2.4. The Reusability
2.5. Other Requirements
3. The Project Proposal: Standardized Modules and Different Types of Intended Use
3.1. Temporary Buildings for Residential Intended Use
- -
- the possibility to have on the market a large number of producers able to meet any requests for contemporary production in large quantities as no special machinery is needed;
- -
- the possibility of finding large quantities of material needed for processing easily on the market.
3.2. Temporary Buildings for Multifunctional Intended Use
3.3. Temporary Buildings for Hospital Intended Use
- -
- it is considered isolated because it can be used individually and therefore with four exposed walls;
- -
- minimum external air exchange volumes in the number of 5 and minimum hourly air changes in the number of 25 are provided;
- -
- a maximum relative humidity of 30% and an expected internal temperature of 26 °C are considered;
- -
- the following lighting characteristics are assumed: the design illuminance of 1000 lux, the UGR (unified glare rating) of 19, the uniformity of illuminance of 0.60 and the color rendering index of 90, or the minimum values of the operating room;
- -
- the operating consumption of the machinery is taken into account by referring to the consumption of the TAC, which is a machine of constant use with higher consumption or daily consumption equal to 113 kwh for 24 patients per day.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Container | Length min in mm | Width min in mm | Height in mm |
---|---|---|---|
Container Box 20′–40′ | 6058 | 2438 | 2591 |
Container High Cube | 12,192 | 2438 | 2896 |
Container Open Top 20′–40′ | 6058 | 2438 | 2591 |
Container Flat Rack 20′–40′ | 6058 | 2438 | 2591 |
20′ Open-Top Container | ||||
Measures | External | Internal | Opening Side | Opening Roof |
Length | 6058 mm | 5800 mm | - | 5700 mm |
Width | 2438 mm | 2310 mm | 2280 mm | 2150 mm |
Height | 2591 mm | 2280 mm | 2070 mm | - |
Interior volume | 32.6 sqm | |||
Max Load | 27,980 kg | |||
40′ Open-Top Container | ||||
Measures | External | Internal | Opening Side | Opening Roof |
Length | 12,192 mm | 12,020 mm | - | 11,800 mm |
Width | 2438 mm | 2320 mm | 2280 mm | 2150 mm |
Height | 2591 mm | 2380 mm | 2190 mm | - |
Interior volume | 66.4 sqm | |||
Max Load | 26,680 kg |
Gross Volume | 1015.36 mc |
Gross surface dispersant | 791.92 sqm |
Aspect ratio S/V | 0.78 1/m |
Dispersant gross area of the glazing | 68.49 sqm |
Whole heat capacity | 16,847.13 kJ/K |
PADUA | ROME | BARI | NAPLES | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Electricity demand for artificial lighting (kWh/year) | 2111 | 2094 | 2090 | 2089 |
Electricity demand for heating (kWh/year) | 12,800 | 9017 | 7545 | 6563 |
Electricity demand for cooling (kWh/year) | 2505 | 3654 | 3631 | 4265 |
Electricity demand for domestic hot water (kWh/year) | 134 | 75 | 67 | 64 |
Euro/year | 2810 | 2375 | 2135 | 2080 |
ROW | ITEM | PADUA | ROME | BARI | NAPLES |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | % of coverage of the annual solar thermal plant covering demand for ACS | 68.1 | 83.66 | 88.14 | 89.60 |
2 | % of coverage of the annual demand of the photovoltaic system | 75.66 | 89.95 | 93.13 | 94.30 |
3 | Global primary energy demand (kWh/sqm year) | 256 | 166.83 | 143.22 | 127.43 |
4 | Renewable energy (kWh/sqm year) | 164.83 | 126.10 | 114.58 | 105.24 |
5 | Global energy performance (kWh/sqm year) | 91.17 | 40.73 | 28.63 | 22.19 |
6 | Energy Class D.M. 26/6/15 | A4 | A4 | A4 | A4 |
Modules Sizes A, B, and C | |||
---|---|---|---|
Measures | Module A | Module B | Module C |
Length | 6058 mm | 12,166 mm | 12,166 mm |
Breadth | 4876 mm | 4876 mm | 9753 mm |
Total height | 3748 mm | 3748 mm | 3748 mm |
Lower structure height | 2591 mm | 2591 mm | 2591 mm |
State | City | Min. N° Panels | Min. N° Extra Panels |
---|---|---|---|
Somalia | Bosaso | 7 | 5 |
Somalia | Hargheisa | 8 | 4 |
Somalia | Mogadiscio | 7 | 5 |
Somalia | Baydhabo | 7 | 5 |
Mozambico | Pemba | 7 | 5 |
Mozambico | Quelimane | 6 | 6 |
Mozambico | Beira | 6 | 6 |
Egitto | El Cairo | 8 | 4 |
Afghanistan | Mazar-i-Sharif | 10 | 2 |
Afghanistan | Bamyan | 10 | 2 |
Afghanistan | Kabul | 10 | 2 |
Afghanistan | Kandahar | 10 | 0 |
Angola | M’banza-Kongo | 6 | 6 |
Angola | Luanda | 6 | 6 |
Angola | Huambo | 8 | 4 |
Bosnia Erzegovina | Neum | 10 | 3 |
Bosnia Erzegovina | Sarajevo | 10 | 2 |
Kuwait | Al-Kuwait | 11 | 1 |
Cambogia | Phom Penh | 7 | 5 |
Iraq | Sulaymaniyya | 9 | 3 |
Iraq | Rutbah | 9 | 3 |
Iraq | Mossul | 12 | 0 |
Iraq | Baghdad | 12 | 0 |
Iran | Rasht | 9 | 3 |
Iran | Tabriz | 10 | 2 |
Iran | Ahvaz | 11 | 1 |
State | City | Min. N° Panels | Min. N° Extra Panels |
---|---|---|---|
Somalia | Bosaso | 15 | 13 |
Somalia | Hargheisa | 16 | 12 |
Somalia | Mogadiscio | 14 | 14 |
Somalia | Baydhabo | 13 | 15 |
Mozambico | Pemba | 12 | 14 |
Mozambico | Quelimane | 13 | 15 |
Mozambico | Beira | 12 | 16 |
Egitto | El Cairo | 17 | 11 |
Afghanistan | Mazar-i-Sharif | 20 | 8 |
Afghanistan | Bamyan | 21 | 7 |
Afghanistan | Kabul | 21 | 7 |
Afghanistan | Kandahar | 25 | 3 |
Angola | M’banza-Kongo | 13 | 15 |
Angola | Luanda | 12 | 16 |
Angola | Huambo | 16 | 12 |
Bosnia Erzegovina | Neum | 18 | 10 |
Bosnia Erzegovina | Sarajevo | 20 | 8 |
Kuwait | Al-Kuwait | 22 | 6 |
Cambogia | Phom Penh | 15 | 13 |
Iraq | Sulaymaniyya | 19 | 9 |
Iraq | Rutbah | 19 | 9 |
Iraq | Mossul | 24 | 4 |
Iraq | Baghdad | 26 | 2 |
Iran | Rasht | 18 | 10 |
Iran | Tabriz | 21 | 7 |
Iran | Ahvaz | 23 | 5 |
State | City | Min. N° Panels | Min. N° Extra Panels |
---|---|---|---|
Somalia | Bosaso | 40 | 24 |
Somalia | Hargheisa | 41 | 23 |
Somalia | Mogadiscio | 38 | 24 |
Somalia | Baydhabo | 40 | 15 |
Mozambico | Pemba | 38 | 26 |
Mozambico | Quelimane | 36 | 28 |
Mozambico | Beira | 33 | 31 |
Egitto | El Cairo | 43 | 21 |
Afghanistan | Mazar-i-Sharif | 50 | 14 |
Afghanistan | Bamyan | 50 | 14 |
Afghanistan | Kabul | 51 | 13 |
Afghanistan | Kandahar | 60 | 4 |
Angola | M’banza-Kongo | 36 | 28 |
Angola | Luanda | 34 | 30 |
Angola | Huambo | 41 | 23 |
Bosnia Erzegovina | Neum | 45 | 19 |
Bosnia Erzegovina | Sarajevo | 49 | 15 |
Kuwait | Al-Kuwait | 53 | 11 |
Cambogia | Phom Penh | 40 | 24 |
Iraq | Sulaymaniyya | 47 | 17 |
Iraq | Rutbah | 47 | 17 |
Iraq | Mossul | 58 | 6 |
Iraq | Baghdad | 62 | 2 |
Iran | Rasht | 45 | 19 |
Iran | Tabriz | 52 | 12 |
Iran | Ahvaz | 55 | 9 |
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Paparella, R.; Caini, M. Sustainable Design of Temporary Buildings in Emergency Situations. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138010
Paparella R, Caini M. Sustainable Design of Temporary Buildings in Emergency Situations. Sustainability. 2022; 14(13):8010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138010
Chicago/Turabian StylePaparella, Rossana, and Mauro Caini. 2022. "Sustainable Design of Temporary Buildings in Emergency Situations" Sustainability 14, no. 13: 8010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138010