Impact of Openings on the In-Plane Strength of Confined and Unconfined Masonry Walls: A Sustainable Numerical Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Numerical Modeling
2.2. Experimental Tests and Validation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Performance of Unconfined Masonry Walls against Lateral Loading
3.1.1. MW AR1.78–0%
3.1.2. MW AR1.78–1.85%
3.1.3. MW AR1.78–3.66%
3.1.4. MW AR1.78–10.91%
3.1.5. MW AR1.78–16.5%
3.2. Performance of Confined Masonry Walls against Lateral Loading
3.2.1. CMW AR1.78–0%
3.2.2. CMW AR1.78–1.85%
3.2.3. CMW AR1.78–3.66%
3.2.4. CMW AR1.78–10.91%
3.2.5. CMW AR1.78–16.5%
3.3. Impact of Openings on the Unconfined Masonry Walls
3.3.1. Peak Load and Lateral Strength
3.3.2. Stiffness Reduction
3.3.3. Failure Type
3.4. Impact of Openings on the Confined Masonry Walls
3.4.1. Peak Load and Lateral Strength
3.4.2. Stiffness Reduction
3.4.3. Failure Type
3.5. Benefits of Confinement
3.5.1. Peak Load and Lateral Strength
3.5.2. Stiffness
3.5.3. Failure Type
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maximum Compressive Strength of Brick = fb = | 26,500 kN/m2 |
Maximum compressive strength of mortar = fm = | 12,300 kN/m2 |
Initial elastic modulus of bricks = Eb = | 9,407,500 kN/m2 |
Initial elastic modulus of mortar = Em = | 2,460,000 kN/m2 |
Poisson’s coefficient for brick elements = νb = | 0.2 |
Poisson’s coefficient for mortar = νm = | 0.15 |
Normal Stiffness = kN = | 66,727,500 kN/m |
Tangential Stiffness = Ks = | 28,973,783 kN/m |
Yield Strength of Reinforcement = σy = | 280 MPa |
Masonry Walls | Opening Size (m) | Peak Load (kN) | % Reduction in Strength | Initial Stiffness (kN/m) | % Reduction in Stiffness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MW AR1.78–0% | 0.00 | 117.17 | 0.00 | 43,448.24 | 0.00 |
MW AR1.78–1.85% | 0.25 × 0.25 | 84.44 | 27.93 | 31,049.80 | 28.54 |
MW AR1.78–3.66% | 0.25 × 0.5 | 59.89 | 48.88 | 21,365.52 | 50.83 |
MW AR1.78–10.91% | 0.5 × 0.75 | 33.22 | 71.65 | 16,538.58 | 61.93 |
MW AR1.78–16.5% | 0.75 × 0.75 | 23.32 | 80.10 | 10,253.75 | 76.40 |
Confined Masonry Walls | Opening Size (m) | Peak Load (kN) | % Reduction in Strength | Initial Stiffness (kN/m) | % Reduction in Stiffness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CMW AR1.78–0% | 0.00 | 193.17 | 0.00 | 52,808.06 | 0.00 |
CMW AR1.78–1.85% | 0.25 × 0.25 | 165.57 | 14.29 | 33,437.00 | 36.68 |
CMW AR1.78–3.66% | 0.25 × 0.5 | 162.35 | 15.95 | 25,165.07 | 52.35 |
CMW AR1.78–10.91% | 0.5 × 0.75 | 129.56 | 32.93 | 20,987.00 | 60.26 |
CMW AR1.78–16.5% | 0.75 × 0.75 | 120.87 | 37.43 | 16,412.80 | 68.92 |
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Mughal, U.A.; Qazi, A.U.; Ahmed, A.; Abbass, W.; Abbas, S.; Salmi, A.; Sayed, M.M. Impact of Openings on the In-Plane Strength of Confined and Unconfined Masonry Walls: A Sustainable Numerical Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 7467. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127467
Mughal UA, Qazi AU, Ahmed A, Abbass W, Abbas S, Salmi A, Sayed MM. Impact of Openings on the In-Plane Strength of Confined and Unconfined Masonry Walls: A Sustainable Numerical Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(12):7467. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127467
Chicago/Turabian StyleMughal, Ubaid Ahmad, Asad Ullah Qazi, Ali Ahmed, Wasim Abbass, Safeer Abbas, Abdelatif Salmi, and Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed. 2022. "Impact of Openings on the In-Plane Strength of Confined and Unconfined Masonry Walls: A Sustainable Numerical Study" Sustainability 14, no. 12: 7467. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127467