Polyphenol Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Grape Seeds and Skins from Sicily: A Preliminary Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Material for Analysis and Sample Preparation
2.3. Radical Scavenging Properties Evaluation, DPPH Assay
2.4. Determination of Phenolic Compounds
2.4.1. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) Analysis
2.4.2. Extraction Procedure of Free and Bound Phenolics in Red Grape Skins and Defatted Red Grape Seeds
2.4.3. Analysis of Phenolics in Grape Seeds and Skins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Radical Scavenging Properties of Defatted Grape Seed (DGS) and Red Grape Skin (RGSK) Flours
3.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phenolics in Grape Seeds and Skins
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Defatted Red Grape Seeds (DGS) | Red Grape Skins (RGSK) | |
---|---|---|
Total phenolic content (TPC) (mg GAE g−1) | 20.69 ± 0.13 | 24.16 ± 0.18 |
TEAC (µM Trolox Equivalent g−1) | 134.2 ± 2.22 | 101.3 ± 1.32 |
IC50 (µM) | 26.85 | 20.27 |
Biophenols | Formula | m/z [M − H]− | Δ ppm | RT (min) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calculated | Experimental | ||||
Delphinidin-3-glucoside | C15H11ClO6 | 463.067 | 463.075 | 17 | 10.1 |
Isorhamnetin | C16H12O7 | 315.050 | 315.0504 | 1.2 | 12.7 |
Kaempferol | C15H10O6 | 285.041 | 285.039 | −7.0 | 12.8 |
Quercetin 3-O-hexuronide | C21H18O13 | 477.067 | 477.0742 | 15 | 10.0 |
Quercetin 3-O-hexoside | C21H20O12 | 463.088 | 463.0863 | −3.7 | 10.1 |
Myricetin | C21H19O12 | 317.031 | 317.032 | 3.2 | 7.8 |
Epicatechin | C15H14O6 | 289.072 | 289.0697 | −8.0 | 7.9 |
Procyanidin dimer isomer 1 | C15H10O8 | 577.135 | 577.1375 | 4.3 | 7.9 |
Ellagic acid | C15H14O6 | 300.999 | 301.002 | 10 | 11.6 |
Procyanidin dimer isomer 2 | C30H26O12 | 577.135 | 577.1375 | 4.3 | 7.4 |
Quercetin | C14H6O8 | 301.035 | 301.039 | 13 | 11.7 |
Resveratrol tetramer | C30H26O12 | 905.260 | 905.269 | 9.9 | 10.0 |
Resveratrol hexoside | C15H10O7 | 389.124 | 389.128 | 10 | 9.5 |
Ferulic acid | C10H10O4 | 193.051 | 193.052 | 5.2 | 7.1 |
Vanillic acid | C8H8O4 | 167.034 | 167.036 | 12 | 2.0 |
Caffeic acid | C9H8O4 | 179.035 | 179.0341 | −5.0 | 7.1 |
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | C7H6O3 | 137.024 | 137.024 | 0 | 4.4 |
Gallic acid | C7H6O5 | 169.014 | 169.0128 | −7.1 | 1.2 |
p-Coumaric Acid | C9H8O3 | 163.039 | 163.04 | 6.1 | 8.7 |
Syringic acid | C9H10O5 | 197.045 | 197.044 | −5.1 | 8.6 |
Biophenol | Free Phenolics in DGS Extract | Free Phenolics in RGSK Extract | Bound Phenolics in DGS Extract | Bound Phenolics in RGSK Extract | df | MS | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
µg g−1 | |||||||
Delphinidin-3-glucoside | 4.52 | 0.00 | 39.52 | 0.00 | 3 | 1097 | 4.9 × 10−9 |
Isorhamnetin | 6.09 | 2.70 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3 | 25.03 | 3.5 × 10−6 |
Kaempferol | 3.60 | 3.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3 | 11.56 | 1.4 × 10−3 |
Quercetin 3-O-hexuronide | 20.08 | 18.13 | 70.55 | 1.19 | 3 | 2689 | 8.1 × 10−7 |
Quercetin 3-O-hexoside | 4.85 | 0.00 | 37.63 | 0.00 | 3 | 988.23 | 4.8 × 10−9 |
Myricetin | 0.00 | 0.00 | 142.69 | 20.07 | 3 | 14,140 | 1.0 × 10−9 |
Epicatechin | 244.79 | 0.00 | 118.21 | 358.43 | 3 | 72,252 | 1.0 × 10−7 |
Procyanidin dimer isom. 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.50 | 3.98 | 3 | 39.11 | 4.6 × 10−4 |
Ellagic acid | 25.21 | 1.84 | 21.36 | 0.00 | 3 | 509.05 | 8.5 × 10−7 |
Procyanidin dimer isom. 2 | 33.32 | 0.00 | 5.38 | 85.74 | 3 | 4619 | 7.6 × 10−8 |
Quercetin | 110.92 | 91.03 | 90.63 | 15.85 | 3 | 5272 | 2.1 × 10−7 |
Resveratrol tetramer | 71.08 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 3 | 3789 | 6.1 × 10−15 |
Resveratrol hexoside | 73.38 | 0.00 | 72.71 | 96.20 | 3 | 5250 | 9.9 × 10−11 |
Ferulic acid | 0.00 | 0.00 | 70.51 | 73.13 | 3 | 5162 | 8.9 × 10−10 |
Vanillic acid | 69.30 | 0.00 | 96.31 | 130.28 | 3 | 9164 | 3.8 × 10−10 |
Caffeic acid | 86.88 | 67.62 | 1474.13 | 244.74 | 3 | 1,367,708 | 3.2 × 10−12 |
p-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 190.73 | 0.00 | 404.35 | 403.79 | 3 | 113,489 | 6.4 × 10−10 |
Gallic acid | 647.88 | 181.30 | 2649.23 | 3646.40 | 3 | 8,076,547 | 2.0 × 10−12 |
p-Coumaric Acid | 134.33 | 0.00 | 4641.65 | 856.33 | 3 | 14,365,546 | 1.4 × 10−8 |
Syringic acid | 506.70 | 185.21 | 66.78 | 153.61 | 3 | 111,031 | 3.0 × 10−13 |
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Di Stefano, V.; Buzzanca, C.; Melilli, M.G.; Indelicato, S.; Mauro, M.; Vazzana, M.; Arizza, V.; Lucarini, M.; Durazzo, A.; Bongiorno, D. Polyphenol Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Grape Seeds and Skins from Sicily: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability 2022, 14, 6702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116702
Di Stefano V, Buzzanca C, Melilli MG, Indelicato S, Mauro M, Vazzana M, Arizza V, Lucarini M, Durazzo A, Bongiorno D. Polyphenol Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Grape Seeds and Skins from Sicily: A Preliminary Study. Sustainability. 2022; 14(11):6702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116702
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Stefano, Vita, Carla Buzzanca, Maria Grazia Melilli, Serena Indelicato, Manuela Mauro, Mirella Vazzana, Vincenzo Arizza, Massimo Lucarini, Alessandra Durazzo, and David Bongiorno. 2022. "Polyphenol Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Grape Seeds and Skins from Sicily: A Preliminary Study" Sustainability 14, no. 11: 6702. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116702