The Use of Double-Skin Façades to Improve the Energy Consumption of High-Rise Office Buildings in a Mediterranean Climate (Csa)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review of Double-Skin Façade Systems
2.1. Double-Skin Façade Operating Modes
2.2. Literature Review of Double-Skin Façades
3. Research Methodology
- Straightforward in its application and interpretation,
- Much simpler to use than global sensitivity analysis, and
- Based on the OVAT approach, which is the same technology used in process-based simulations to generate and test the techniques.
4. Case Study
4.1. Environment
4.2. Building
5. Analysis Model Development
6. Modelling and Simulation Process
7. Results and Discussion
7.1. Monthly Energy Consumption during Heating Period
7.2. Monthly Energy Consumption during Cooling Period
7.3. Overall Energy Consumption and Energy Savings
7.3.1. Annual Energy Consumption during Heating Period
7.3.2. Annual Energy Consumption during Cooling Period
7.4. General Classification of Total Energy Consumption during Cooling and Heating Periods
Scenario | S0 | S01 | S02 | S03 |
Yearly heating consumption KWh | 37,410.61 | 44,651.62 | 34,363.02 | 42,293.1 |
Yearly cooling consumption KWh | 540,919 | 377,464 | 424,199 | 376,333 |
Heating energy saving KWh | 9266 | 2025 | 12,314 | 4384 |
Cooling energy saving KWh | 0 | 163,455 | 116,720 | 164,586 |
Heating regime rank | 13 | 15 | 12 | 14 |
Cooling regime rank | 16 | 13 | 15 | 12 |
Scenario | S04 | S05 | S06 | S07 |
Yearly heating consumption KWh | 33,224.21 | 32,921.57 | 29,389.61 | 46,676.69 |
Yearly cooling consumption KWh | 386,516 | 353,953 | 313,211 | 307,545 |
Heating energy saving KWh | 13,452 | 13,755 | 17,287 | 0 |
Cooling energy saving KWh | 154,403 | 186,966 | 227,708 | 233,374 |
Heating regime rank | 11 | 10 | 6 | 16 |
Cooling regime rank | 14 | 10 | 7 | 6 |
Scenario | S08 | S09 | S10 | S11 |
Yearly heating consumption KWh | 30,864.93 | 23,595.2 | 32,045.17 | 30,011.24 |
Yearly cooling consumption KWh | 352,585 | 363,347 | 317,774 | 286,286 |
Heating energy saving KWh | 15,812 | 23,081 | 14,632 | 16,665 |
Cooling energy saving KWh | 188,334 | 177,572 | 223,145 | 254,633 |
Heating regime rank | 8 | 4 | 9 | 7 |
Cooling regime rank | 9 | 11 | 8 | 2 |
Scenario | S12 | S13 | S14 | S15 |
Yearly heating consumption KWh | 16,836.82 | 18,793.61 | 27,205.58 | 2217.44 |
Yearly cooling consumption KWh | 296,572 | 301,022 | 251,845 | 300,031 |
Heating energy saving KWh | 29,840 | 27,883 | 19,471 | 44,459 |
Cooling energy saving KWh | 244,347 | 239,896 | 289,074 | 240,888 |
Heating regime rank | 2 | 3 | 5 | 1 |
Cooling regime rank | 3 | 5 | 1 | 4 |
Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Scenario | S14 | S15 | s12 | S11 | S13 | S06 | S10 | S07 |
Full enrgy consumption KWh | 279,051 | 302,249 | 313,410 | 316,298 | 319,816 | 342,601 | 349,819 | 354,222 |
Full energy saving KWh | 299,279 | 276,081 | 264,920 | 262,032 | 258,513 | 235,729 | 228,511 | 224,108 |
Rank | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
Scenario | S08 | S05 | S09 | S03 | S04 | S01 | S02 | S0 |
Full enrgy consumption KWh | 383,450 | 386,875 | 386,943 | 418,626 | 419,740 | 422,116 | 458,563 | 578,330 |
Full energy saving KWh | 194,880 | 191,455 | 191,387 | 159,704 | 158,590 | 156,214 | 119,767 | 0 |
8. Conclusions
- The use of DSFs greatly benefits office buildings in a Mediterranean climate as they can provide energy savings of up to 299,279 kWh.
- The use of three DSFs was the most efficient due to a combination of the greenhouse effect and the stack effect in the cavity of the DSFs.
- The optimal DSF orientations were east, south, and west façades.
- The model with three DSFs on the east, south, and west façades reduced energy consumption in winter by 28% and 53.5% in summer.
- The use of multi-story DSFs improved the energy performance of high-rise office buildings in a Mediterranean climate by more than 250,000 kWh than buildings with no DSFs.
- The orientation of the DSFs affects their performance, while the number of DSFs used on the different façades affects the energy performance of a building.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Experiment | Parameters of the Experiment | Main Findings | |
---|---|---|---|
Yoon, N., et al., 2022 Korea, Seoul. Ref. [26] | Variables | cavity height, cavity depth, opening-to-glazing ratio, (SHGC) |
|
Tools | CFD | ||
Ventilation type | Natural ventilation | ||
Hong, X., et al., 2022. China. Ref. [27] | Variables | roller shades, Blinds, daylight and thermal performances |
|
Tools | Energy-plus, Radiance | ||
Ventilation type | Air conditioned | ||
Radhi et al., 2013 Al-Ain city, UAE. Ref. [28] | Variables | The width of the cavity: 50, 70, 100, 120, 150 cm |
|
Tools | Design-Builder (BES) + PHONICES-FLAIR (CFD) | ||
Ventilation type | Air conditioned | ||
Chan et al., 2009 Hong Kong, China. Ref. [29] | Variables | Type of glazing: single and double |
|
Tools | Energy Plus (BES) | ||
Ventilation type | Air conditioned | ||
Guardo et al., 2009 Barcelone, Belgique [30] | Variables | Glass transmissivity (from 35 to 78%) and emissivity (from 0.05 to 0.89) |
|
Tools | CFD | ||
Ventilation type | Air conditioned | ||
Section 2: studies on DSF building parameters | |||
Haase et al., 2009 Hong Kong, China. Ref. [31] | Variables | The window-wall ratio: 63, 91.32% |
|
Tools | TRNSYS and TRNFLOW (coupled with COMIS) | ||
Ventilation type | Mechanically ventilated cavity | ||
Tao, Y., et al., 2021 [32] | Variables | Dimensions of DSF, Size of window openings; Gap depth |
|
Tools | CFD software ANSYS Fluent 2020R1 | ||
Ventilation type | Natural ventilation | ||
Pappas and Zhai 2008 Belgiqueles, Belgique [33] | Variables | The height of the cavity/Number of floors: 3.0 m (one floor) and 15.0 m (5 floors) |
|
Tools | Energy Plus (BES) + PHONICS (CFD) | ||
Ventilation type | Not mentioned | ||
Section 3: Studies on DSF site and climate condition parameters | |||
Yoon, Y.B., et al., 2020 South Korea [34] | Variables | -Cold climate |
|
-Heating energy savings | |||
Tools | -The EnergyPlus | ||
Ventilation type | -Air conditioned | ||
Gratia and DeHerde 2007 Uccle, Belgium [35] | Variables | -Clear and medium cloudy conditions -Orientations East and West |
|
Tools | TRNSYS and TRNFLOW (coupled with COMIS) | ||
Ventilation type | Mechanically ventilated cavity | ||
Shakouri, M., et al., 2020 middle eastern region [36] | Variables | -Hot climate -Building integrated photovoltaic thermal double skin façade |
|
Tools | MATLAB software | ||
PVsyst software | |||
Ventilation type | Naturel ventilation | ||
Air conditioned |
Site parameters | Csa Mediterranean Climate determined with a detailed WEA climatic data-set file extracted from Meteonorm tool |
Building parameters | Total height of the analyzed building is 36 m, with 9 floors of 4 m. |
Interior layer of the DSF is a single glazing with U-value = 6 W/m2K. | |
DSF is multi story structure type and the building is with a complete HVAC system, therefore the inner facade is completely transparent without openings. | |
DSF design parameters | The width of the cavity: 0.90 m |
Shading devices: None | |
Outer skin with a low double-glazing emissivity: 0.10 with a U-value = 2.4 W/m2K, SHGC = 0.56 | |
Type of ventilation: Natural |
Independent variables | Fixed independent variables | Structure of the DSF | Structure type of the DSF is multi story, with 9 floors and 36 m height. |
Width of the cavity | The width of the cavity is wide = 0.9 m. | ||
Type of glazing |
| ||
Dimension of the cavity opening | The cavity have an external air curtain based on two openings having the same dimensions of the cavity it self. | ||
Type of ventilation | Natural ventilation. | ||
Non-fixed independent variables | Orientation | Proposed orientations of the DSF are: North, South, East, West. | |
Number and position of the tested DSF’s | Proposed scenarios of the DSF:
| ||
Dependent variables |
|
No DSF Used | ||||
Orientation | /// | |||
Scenario code | S00 | |||
Single DSF | ||||
Orientation | S | N | E | W |
Scenario code | S01 | S02 | S03 | S04 |
Two Opposed DSFs | ||||
Orientation | N + S | E + W | ||
Scenario code | S05 | S06 | ||
Two Juxtaposed DSFs | ||||
Orientation | S + E | E + N | N + W | W + S |
Scenario code | S07 | S08 | S09 | S10 |
Three DSFs | ||||
Orientation | S + E + N | E + N + W | N + W + S | W + S + E |
Scenario code | S11 | S12 | S13 | S14 |
Four DSFs | ||||
Orientation | E + N + W + S | |||
Scenario code | S15 |
Building | Details | 3D Model Building Simulation |
Building type | High-rise office | |
Office type | Open office | |
Characteristics | Value | |
working hours | 08 a.m.–19 p.m. | |
N° Occupants | 74 | |
Clothing index | 1.0 Clo | |
Biological heat output | 60 w | |
N° storey | 09 | |
Area | 858 m2 | |
Storey Height | 04.00 m | |
Comfort temperature | 18 °C–26 °C | |
Humidity | 60% | |
Sensible gain | 05 W/m2 | |
Latent gain | 02 W/m2 | |
Air change rate | 0.5 ach | |
Wind sensitivity | 0.25 ach | |
Light level | 400 Lux | |
HVAC (full AC) | Dual duct VAV | |
Thermal simulation engine | Admitance method | |
CORE engine | CIBSE | |
Glazing Type | Multi-story | |
Single glazing 6 mm | U-value 6 Wm2/k | |
Double glazzing 4 mm | U-value 2.4 Wm2/k |
Rank | 01 | |
Code | S14 | |
Orientation | Est-sud-ouest | |
Number of DSF | 03 | |
Rank | 02 | |
Code | S15 | |
Orientation | Est-sud-ouest-nord | |
Number of DSF | 04 | |
Rank | 03 | |
Code | S12 | |
Orientation | Est-nord-ouest | |
Number of DSF | 03 | |
Rank | 04 | |
Code | S11 | |
Orientation | Sud-est-nord | |
Number of DSF | 03 | |
Rank | 05 | |
Code | S13 | |
Orientation | Nord-ouest-sud | |
Number of DSF | 03 | |
Rank | 06 | |
Code | S06 | |
Orientation | Est-ouest | |
Number of DSF | 02 | |
Rank | 07 | |
Code | S10 | |
Orientation | Ouest-sud | |
Number of DSF | 02 | |
Rank | 08 | |
Code | S07 | |
Orientation | Sud-est | |
Number of DSF | 02 | |
Rank | 09 | |
Code | S08 | |
Orientation | Nord-est | |
Number of DSF | 02 | |
Rank | 10 | |
Code | S05 | |
Orientation | Nord-sud | |
Number of DSF | 02 | |
Rank | 11 | |
Code | S09 | |
Orientation | Nord-ouest | |
Number of DSF | 02 | |
Rank | 12 | |
Code | S03 | |
Orientation | EST | |
Number of DSF | 01 | |
Rank | 13 | |
Code | S04 | |
Orientation | Ouest | |
Number of DSF | 01 | |
Rank | 14 | |
Code | S01 | |
Orientation | Sud | |
Number of DSF | 01 | |
Rank | 15 | |
Code | S02 | |
Orientation | Nord | |
Number of DSF | 01 | |
Rank | 16 | |
Code | S0 | |
Orientation | / | |
Number of DSF | / |
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Ahriz, A.; Mesloub, A.; Djeffal, L.; Alsolami, B.M.; Ghosh, A.; Abdelhafez, M.H.H. The Use of Double-Skin Façades to Improve the Energy Consumption of High-Rise Office Buildings in a Mediterranean Climate (Csa). Sustainability 2022, 14, 6004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106004
Ahriz A, Mesloub A, Djeffal L, Alsolami BM, Ghosh A, Abdelhafez MHH. The Use of Double-Skin Façades to Improve the Energy Consumption of High-Rise Office Buildings in a Mediterranean Climate (Csa). Sustainability. 2022; 14(10):6004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106004
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhriz, Atef, Abdelhakim Mesloub, Leila Djeffal, Badr M. Alsolami, Aritra Ghosh, and Mohamed Hssan Hassan Abdelhafez. 2022. "The Use of Double-Skin Façades to Improve the Energy Consumption of High-Rise Office Buildings in a Mediterranean Climate (Csa)" Sustainability 14, no. 10: 6004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14106004