Biological Activity of Phytochemicals from Agricultural Wastes and Weeds on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plants
2.2. Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds
2.3. Analysis by GC-MS of Phytochemicals
2.4. Screening of Phytochemical Extracts to Select the One Most Suitable in the Control of S. frugiperda
2.5. Exposure of S. frugiperda Larvae to Low Concentrations of the Ethanolic Extract of P. auritum Dehydrated Leaves
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phytochemical Extracts
3.2. Screening of Phytochemical Extracts to Select the One Most Suitable for the Control of S. frugiperda
3.3. Development of S. frugiperda Larvae Exposed to Ethanol Extract of P. auritum
3.4. Morphological Abnormalities of S. frugiperda Larvae Exposed to P. auritum Ethanolic Extracts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Solvent | Leaves | Meliaceae | Piperaceae | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. odorata | M. azedarach | P. auritum | P. umbellatum | ||
Ethanol | Fresh | 6.7 ± 0.4 b | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 3.4 ± 0.02 d,e | 5.2 ± 0.5 b,c,d |
Dehydrated | 11 ± 0.5 a | 4.2 ± 0.6 c,d | 5.9 ± 0.9 b,c | 6.3 ± 0.7 b | |
Hexane | Fresh | 1.3 ± 0.19 f | 1.4 ± 0.1 f | 1.6 ± 0.1 d,e | 5.2 ± 0.1 b,c |
Dehydrated | 3.5 ± 0.2 d,e | 1.7 ± 0.1 d,e | 5.4 ± 0.3 b,c | 6.5 ± 0.1 b |
% Peak Area * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds | Cedrela odorata | Melia azedarach | Piper auritum | Piper umbellatum |
Monoterpenes | ||||
Cis-2,6-Dimethyl-2,6-octadiene | - | - | - | 1.29 |
Menthol | - | 1.70 | - | - |
Sesquiterpenes | ||||
β-cis-caryophyllene | 4.70 | - | - | - |
β-Cubebene | - | - | - | 2.49 |
δ-Cadinene | - | - | - | 1.19 |
β-Sesquiphellandrene | 14.19 | - | - | - |
γ-Muurolene | 13.83 | - | - | - |
β-Bisabolene | 6.81 | - | - | - |
Farnesene | 3.40 | - | - | - |
δ-Elemene | 3.17 | - | - | - |
Farnesol | - | - | 1.10 | - |
Spathulenol | - | - | 1.06 | 1.03 |
Farnesyl acetate | 1.56 | - | - | - |
Ledol | 1.16 | - | - | - |
Diterpene | ||||
Phytol | - | 5.86 | 2.34 | 5.93 |
Triterpene | ||||
Squalene | - | - | 1.86 | - |
Phenylpropanoid | ||||
Safrole | 1.80 | 1.58 | 32.10 | - |
Alcohol | ||||
1-Heptadecanol | - | - | 4.21 | - |
1-Hexadecanol | - | - | 2.10 | - |
1-Tetradecanol | - | - | - | 1.74 |
1-Naphthalenol | - | - | - | 2.02 |
Z-2-Dodecenol | 3.85 | 7.92 | - | - |
Aldehyde | ||||
Tetradecanal | - | - | - | 5.39 |
Alkyne | ||||
1-Octadecyne | - | - | 3.48 | - |
Fatty acid | ||||
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid | - | 1.39 | - | 4.92 |
n-Hexadecanoic acid | 5.04 | 4.97 | - | 4.75 |
Octadecanoic acid | - | - | - | 1.71 |
1-Cyclopentyl-4-n-octyldodecane | - | - | - | 1.07 |
Methyl linoleate | 2.67 | 4.24 | - | - |
Pentadecanoic acid | 1.33 | 1.39 | - | - |
Number of peaks (%area) | 30 metabolites (77.0%) | 13 metabolites (32.7%) | 14 metabolites (53.6%) | 27 metabolites (44.2%) |
% Peak Area * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Compounds | Cedrela odorata | Melia azedarach | Piper auritum | Piper umbellatum |
Monoterpenes | ||||
Terpinolene | - | - | 1.243 | - |
Sesquiterpenes | ||||
β-cis-caryophyllene | 5.74 | - | 2.55 | 2.96 |
Caryophyllene oxide | 1.07 | - | 3.07 | |
β-Cubebene | 13.25 | - | 1.54 | 22.43 |
δ-Elemene | - | - | 3.400 | - |
(-)-β-Elemene | 3.71 | - | - | - |
γ- Elemene | 1.11 | - | - | - |
Farnesol | - | - | 1.28 | - |
Spathulenol | - | - | 2.38 | - |
Farnesyl acetate | - | - | 1.15 | - |
Ledol | 1.14 | - | - | - |
Nerolidol | - | - | 5.02 | |
Diterpenoids | ||||
Phytol | 10.11 | 15.94 | 1.45 | 3.31 |
Triterpene | ||||
Squalene | - | - | 1.13 | - |
Phenylpropanoid | ||||
Safrole | 1.25 | 12.52 | 53.00 | 2.16 |
Alcohol | ||||
1-Heptacosanol | - | 1.12 | - | |
1-Tetradecanol | - | 3.38 | - | |
3,7,11-Trimethyl-1-dodecanol | - | 1.31 | - | |
Ester | ||||
(Z,E)-Tetradeca-9,12-dienylacetate | - | 1.21 | - | |
(2-dodecen-1-yl) Succinic anhydride | - | - | 1.27 | - |
Ethyl stearate | - | - | - | 2.96 |
Geranyl acetate | - | 1.33 | - | - |
Alkane | ||||
Tetratetracontane | 9.25 | 2.36 | 3.81 | |
3-Ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl) octadecane | 3.05 | 1.40 | - | - |
4-Methyltridecane | 2.49 | - | - | |
Fatty acid | ||||
Linolenic acid | 18.11 | 29.74 | - | - |
Oleic acid | - | 1.83 | - | - |
Stearic acid | - | 1.39 | - | 4.91 |
Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid | - | - | - | 8.22 |
Dipalmitin | - | - | - | 2.37 |
Methyl arachidonate | - | - | - | 1.69 |
Methyl linoleate | - | - | 1.03 | - |
Pentadecanoic acid | - | 1.09 | - | - |
Palmitic acid | 7.16 | 17.75 | - | - |
Ethyl palmitate | - | - | 1.64 | 2.33 |
Number of peaks (% area) | 30 metabolites (88.8%) | 18 metabolites (89.9%) | 25 metabolites (87.1%) | 32 metabolites (87.2%) |
Conc. | 95% Confidence Limits for μg/μL | Conc. | 95% Confidence Limits for mg/cm2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
μg/μL | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | mg/cm2 | Lower Limit | Upper Limit | |
Exposure of S. frugiperda for 7 days (probit analysis. χ2 = 3.409; df = 14; Sig.: 0.998) | ||||||
LC21 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 4.1 |
LC35 | 0.39 | 0.17 | 0.67 | 7.3 | 3.1 | 12.4 |
LC50 | 1.20 | 0.70 | 3.25 | 22.1 | 13.0 | 60.0 |
LC56 | 1.72 | 0.97 | 6.33 | 31.8 | 17.9 | 116.6 |
Exposure of S. frugiperda for 28 days (probit analysis. χ2 = 3.251; df = 14; Sig.: 1.000) | ||||||
LC26 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.77 | 0.63 | 2.04 |
LC50 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 4.90 | 3.29 | 7.03 |
LC60 | 0.49 | 0.32 | 0.81 | 9.02 | 5.86 | 14.91 |
LC76 | 1.28 | 0.80 | 2.67 | 23.51 | 14.78 | 49.21 |
LC83 | 1.98 | 1.20 | 4.49 | 36.46 | 22.12 | 82.78 |
Piper auritum Lethal Conc. | Pupal Mortality (% ± SE) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Within the Same Treatment * | Compared to Control 1 ** | Compared to Control 2 *** | |
LC21 | 24.3 ± 1.0 b | 45.4 ± 10.3 c | 29.3 ± 2.1 b |
LC35 | 59.0 ± 4.9 a | 82.6 ± 2.3 b | 77.4 ± 0.6 a |
LC50 | 55.0 ± 7.1 a | 87.6 ± 2.7 a,b | 84.0 ± 0.9 a |
LC56 | 58.3 ± 11.8 a | 90.0 ± 0.7 a | 86.8 ± 3.0 a |
Control 1 (H2O) | 0 c | 0 e | |
Control 2 (EtOH) | 16.1 ± 0.9 b,c | 35.3 ± 9.6 d | 16.0 ± 0.9 b |
Piper auritum Lethal Conc. | Fertility (No. Eggs ± SE) | OAI ± SE |
---|---|---|
LC21 | 647 ± 33 a | −0.24 ± 0.01 a |
LC35 | 14 ± 0 b | −0.99 ± 0.02 b |
LC50 | 0 ± 0 b | −1 ± 0 b |
LC56 | 0 ± 0 b | −1 ± 0 b |
Control 1 (H2O) | 1017 ± 7 a | 0 ± 0 |
Control 2 (EtOH) | 757 ± 118 a | −0.16 ± 0.07 a |
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Jiménez-Durán, A.; Barrera-Cortés, J.; Lina-García, L.P.; Santillan, R.; Soto-Hernández, R.M.; Ramos-Valdivia, A.C.; Ponce-Noyola, T.; Ríos-Leal, E. Biological Activity of Phytochemicals from Agricultural Wastes and Weeds on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sustainability 2021, 13, 13896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413896
Jiménez-Durán A, Barrera-Cortés J, Lina-García LP, Santillan R, Soto-Hernández RM, Ramos-Valdivia AC, Ponce-Noyola T, Ríos-Leal E. Biological Activity of Phytochemicals from Agricultural Wastes and Weeds on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sustainability. 2021; 13(24):13896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413896
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiménez-Durán, Analleli, Josefina Barrera-Cortés, Laura Patricia Lina-García, Rosa Santillan, Ramón Marcos Soto-Hernández, Ana C. Ramos-Valdivia, Teresa Ponce-Noyola, and Elvira Ríos-Leal. 2021. "Biological Activity of Phytochemicals from Agricultural Wastes and Weeds on Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" Sustainability 13, no. 24: 13896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413896