Residents’ Perception of Changing Local Conditions in the Context of Tourism Development: The Case of Phuket Island
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
2.1. Residents’ Perception of Impacts of Tourism Development
2.2. Individual Factors Associated with Residents’ Perception
3. Methodology
3.1. Study Site
3.2. Sampling Frame
3.3. Questionnaire Development
3.4. Construction of Aggregate Indicators per Dimension
3.5. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Respondents’ Profile
4.2. Perceived Changes in Local Conditions
4.3. Factors Associated with Perceived Changes
4.4. Sub-Indicator Analysis
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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District | Residents Population in Phuket (2015) | Proportionate Allocation | Minimum Suggested Sample Size | Actual Sample Size |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kathu | 54,413 | 54,413 × 384/386,605 | 54 | 103 |
Thalang | 96,881 | 96,881 × 384/386,605 | 96 | 111 |
Mueang | 235,311 | 235,311 × 384/386,605 | 234 | 281 |
Total | N = 386,605 | n = 384 | 495 |
Indicator | Rationale for Inclusion | References |
---|---|---|
Environmental Sub-Indicators | ||
Air pollution; water pollution; noise pollution; waste problems | Tourism development and tourist activities can increase water, air, and noise pollution, as well as waste disposal. | [17,23,28,104,105] |
Beach quality | Beaches are considered as a major attraction for visitors interested in the coastal and island destinations. | [106,107,108] |
City planning; public space management | In many areas, tourism is a cornerstone of the city planning, while policies on public space can influence visitors’ expectations and the quality of life of residents. | [109,110,111] |
Physical condition of roads | Road infrastructure provides mobility access to attraction and increases business activities. | [112,113] |
Public tap water management and quality | Tourism development puts pressure on water supply and quality, potentially leading to negative sentiments among permanent residents. | [114,115,116,117] |
Sociocultural Sub-Indicators | ||
Public transportation infrastructure and services | Public transport infrastructure development is a significant predictor for tourism development which can create both positive and negative perceptions in the host community. | [118] |
Road accidents | Increases in the number of road accidents in Phuket have been linked with a rising number of visitors. | Adapted from [119] |
Social conflicts | Tourism development can put pressure on resources which can lead to conflicts among different stakeholders in communities. At the same time, conflicts can be an important factor in initiating positive changes in tourism development. | [109,120,121,122] |
Crime; congestion; safety and security | Tourism development has been associated with increased congestion in public areas, rising crime rates, as well as other social changes related to safety and security in the host community. | [25,26,28,104] |
Cultural conservation | Tourism can promote preservation and conservation of traditional culture and local wisdom, while it may also degrade cultural value. | [23,43,123] |
Public participation in tourism development | Public participation is an integral part of sustainable development and often adopted as a measure to minimize adverse impacts from tourism development. Lack of public participation is a major concern with tourism development in developing countries. | [124,125,126] |
Social gap and inequality | Tourism development has long been considered a source of social inequality since people do not benefit adequately from tourism | [127,128,129] |
Economic Sub-Indicators | ||
Prices of goods and services; land and housing prices; costs of living | Tourism development often accelerates an increase in prices of goods and services, costs of living as well as land and housing, especially in the tourist zones. | [1,23,74,94,130] |
Job opportunities | Job opportunities are often found to be the major positive impacts of tourism development. However, its impacts on income distribution are of a major concern in many developing countries. | [1,17,131,132] |
Income distribution |
Variable | Scale | Unit or Definition | Expected Sign | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Indicator | Sociocultural Indicator | Economic Indicators | ||||
Gender | Binary (Dummy) | 1 if female; 0 if male | − | − | Ambiguous | [2,3,76,82,140] |
Age (Years) | Ordinal (Dummy coded) | >36 (Dummy 1) 25–35 (Dummy 2) 18–24 (Base) | + | Ambiguous | − | [32,66,141] |
Education | Ordinal (Dummy coded) | Bachelor or higher (Dummy 1) Vocational level (Dummy 2) Primary to High school (Base) | − | − | + | [32,91]; First author’s insight as a local resident |
Residential District | Categorical (Dummy coded) | Thalang (Dummy 1) Mueang (Dummy 2) Kathu (Base) | − | Ambiguous | Ambiguous | First author’s insight as a local resident |
Residency Duration (Years) | Ordinal (Dummy coded) | >20 (Dummy 1) 11–20 (Dummy 2)<11 (Base) | − | − | Ambiguous | [31,32,66,87] |
Monthly Income (THB) | Ordinal (Dummy coded) | >25k (Dummy 1) 10k–25k (Dummy 2)<10k (Base) | + | + | + | [31]; First author’s insight as a local resident |
Job Sector | Binary (Dummy) | 1 if related to tourism; 0 if unrelated to tourism | − | + | + | [84]; First author’s insight as a local resident |
Interaction with tourists | Categorical (Dummy coded) | Regular (Dummy 1) Sometimes (Dummy 2)Rare (Base) | + | + | + | First author’s insight as a local resident |
Frequency of tourism activities | Categorical (Dummy coded) | Regular (Dummy 1) Sometimes (Dummy 2) Rare (Base) | + | + | + | Ditto |
Variable | Num. of Respondents | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 200 | 40.4 |
Female | 295 | 59.6 |
Age (years) | ||
18–24 | 113 | 22.8 |
25–35 | 175 | 35.4 |
36–50 | 136 | 27.5 |
51–60 | 59 | 11.9 |
>60 | 12 | 2.4 |
Education level | ||
Primary school | 28 | 5.7 |
High school | 110 | 22.2 |
Vocational | 140 | 28.3 |
Bachelor’s degree or above | 217 | 43.8 |
Residence District | ||
Kathu | 103 | 20.8 |
Thalang | 111 | 22.4 |
Mueang | 281 | 56.8 |
Residency duration (years) | ||
1–4 | 96 | 19.4 |
5–10 | 35 | 7.1 |
11–15 | 104 | 21.0 |
16–20 | 84 | 17.0 |
>20 | 176 | 35.6 |
Monthly income (THB) | ||
<10,000 | 106 | 21.4 |
10,000–25,000 | 283 | 57.2 |
25,000–50,000 | 84 | 17.0 |
>50,000 | 22 | 4.4 |
Occupation | ||
Student | 67 | 13.5 |
Civil servant | 36 | 7.3 |
Company employee | 153 | 30.9 |
Self-employed | 147 | 29.7 |
Other (e.g., part-time) | 52 | 10.5 |
NB: USD 1 = THB 33.15 (as of 1 August 2018) |
Sub-Indicator | Frequency Distribution (%) | Mean | Rank | Median | SD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Severe Deterioration (1) | Moderate Deterioration (2) | Unobservable Change (3) | Moderate Improvement (4) | Substantial Improvement (5) | |||||
Environmental | |||||||||
City planning | 4.8 | 24.4 | 42.8 | 24.2 | 3.6 | 2.97 | 1/9 | 3 | 0.90 |
Public space management | 4.8 | 25.9 | 43.0 | 23.8 | 2.4 | 2.93 | 2/9 | 3 | 0.88 |
Beach quality | 6.5 | 34.1 | 32.9 | 23.4 | 3.0 | 2.82 | 3/9 | 3 | 0.96 |
Public tap water management and quality | 10.1 | 30.3 | 47.7 | 10.7 | 1.2 | 2.62 | 4/9 | 3 | 0.85 |
Road condition | 13.9 | 42.0 | 29.9 | 12.7 | 1.4 | 2.45 | 5/9 | 2 | 0.93 |
Noise pollution | 12.1 | 42.4 | 37.4 | 7.9 | 0.2 | 2.41 | 6/9 | 2 | 0.81 |
Air pollution | 11.5 | 47.3 | 33.7 | 6.3 | 1.2 | 2.38 | 7/9 | 2 | 0.81 |
Water pollution | 14.7 | 42.8 | 33.7 | 8.3 | 0.4 | 2.36 | 8/9 | 2 | 0.84 |
Waste problems | 19.8 | 40.2 | 29.3 | 9.1 | 1.6 | 2.32 | 9/9 | 2 | 0.94 |
Sociocultural | |||||||||
Cultural conservation | 4.4 | 16.8 | 46.7 | 26.5 | 5.7 | 3.12 | 1/9 | 3 | 0.90 |
Public participation in tourism development | 5.1 | 21.8 | 51.5 | 19.2 | 2.4 | 2.92 | 2/9 | 3 | 0.83 |
Social conflict | 6.7 | 33.3 | 49.9 | 10.1 | 0.0 | 2.63 | 3/9 | 3 | 0.75 |
Social inequality | 10.9 | 27.3 | 51.9 | 8.3 | 1.6 | 2.62 | 4/9 | 3 | 0.84 |
Crimes | 8.5 | 36.4 | 41.0 | 12.7 | 1.4 | 2.62 | 5/9 | 3 | 0.86 |
Safety and security | 7.7 | 37.8 | 41.2 | 12.1 | 1.2 | 2.61 | 6/9 | 3 | 0.84 |
Public transportation infrastructure and service | 12.7 | 33.7 | 39.4 | 14.1 | 0.0 | 2.54 | 7/9 | 3 | 0.88 |
Congestion | 19.0 | 35.8 | 36.0 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 2.36 | 8/9 | 2 | 0.92 |
Traffic accident problems | 12.7 | 48.5 | 31.9 | 6.3 | 0.6 | 2.33 | 9/9 | 2 | 0.80 |
Economic | |||||||||
Job opportunities | 6.1 | 21.6 | 45.1% | 23.2% | 4.0% | 2.97 | 1/5 | 3 | 0.92 |
Income distribution | 5.5 | 28.1 | 42.0% | 22.2% | 2.2% | 2.87 | 2/5 | 3 | 0.89 |
Costs of living | 12.7 | 35.2 | 34.9% | 16.4% | 0.8% | 2.57 | 3/5 | 3 | 0.93 |
Land and housing costs | 9.7 | 37.8 | 44.0% | 7.7% | 0.8% | 2.52 | 4/5 | 3 | 0.80 |
Prices of goods and services | 10.3 | 41.6 | 40.6% | 6.9% | 0.6% | 2.45 | 5/5 | 2 | 0.79 |
Variable | Environmental Indicator | Sociocultural Indicator | Economic Indicator | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | p-Value | Coeff. | p-Value | Coeff. | p-Value | |
Gender (1 if female, 0 if male) | 0.103 * | 0.053 | 0.088 | 0.110 | 0.022 | 0.719 |
Age (Base: < 25 years) | ||||||
25–35 years | −0.097 | 0.218 | 0.027 | 0.738 | 0.044 | 0.627 |
> 35 years | −0.103 | 0.184 | −0.088 | 0.272 | −0.002 | 0.979 |
Education (Base: High school or below) | ||||||
Vocational school | −0.059 | 0.418 | 0.028 | 0.713 | 0.039 | 0.639 |
Bachelor or higher | −0.181 *** | 0.010 | −0.094 | 0.194 | −0.077 | 0.337 |
Residence district (Base: Kathu) | ||||||
Thalang | −0.194 ** | 0.016 | −0.092 | 0.269 | −0.127 | 0.170 |
Mueang | −0.035 | 0.606 | 0.046 | 0.504 | −0.012 | 0.877 |
Residency duration (Base: < 11 years) | ||||||
11–20 years | −0.204 *** | 0.002 | −0.123 * | 0.075 | −0.109 | 0.153 |
> 20 years | −0.215 *** | 0.003 | −0.117 | 0.125 | −0.117 | 0.163 |
Monthly income (Base: < THB 10k) | ||||||
THB 10k–25k | 0.074 | 0.346 | −0.032 | 0.694 | −0.002 | 0.982 |
> THB 25k | 0.102 | 0.294 | −0.023 | 0.818 | 0.012 | 0.918 |
Job (1 if related to tourism, 0 otherwise) | −0.178 *** | 0.004 | −0.099 | 0.119 | −0.062 | 0.379 |
Tourist interaction (Base: Rare) | ||||||
Sometimes | 0.078 | 0.340 | 0.037 | 0.662 | −0.054 | 0.568 |
Regular | 0.297 *** | 0.003 | 0.026 | 0.803 | −0.105 | 0.353 |
Frequency of tourism activities (Base: Rare) | ||||||
Sometimes | 0.171 ** | 0.019 | 0.190 ** | 0.012 | 0.109 | 0.190 |
Regular | 0.008 | 0.938 | 0.173 * | 0.094 | 0.159 | 0.163 |
Constant | 2.838 | 0.000 | 2.773 | 0.000 | 2.941 | 0.000 |
N | 495 | 495 | 495 | |||
R2 | 0.157 | 0.089 | 0.088 | |||
F-statistic (p-value) | 4.016 *** (0.000) | 2.087 *** (0.002) | 2.080 *** (0.003) | |||
Breusch–Pagan test | χ2(3) = 509.989 (p = 0.000) |
Environmental Sub-Indicators (5: Substantial Improvement, 4: Moderate Improvement, 3: Unobservable Change, 2: Moderate Deterioration, 1: Severe Deterioration) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Air Pollution | Noise Pollution | Waste Problems | Water Pollution | Beach Quality | Public Space | Road Conditions | Tap Water Quality | City Planning |
Gender (1 if female, 0 if male) | ++ | ||||||||
Age (Base: < 25 years) | |||||||||
25–35 years | − − | ||||||||
> 35 years | − − | ||||||||
Education (Base: High school or below) | |||||||||
Vocational school | |||||||||
Bachelor or higher | − − − | − − − | |||||||
Residence district (Base: Kathu) | |||||||||
Thalang | − − | − − | − | − − | − − − | ||||
Mueang | |||||||||
Residency duration (Base: < 11 years) | |||||||||
11–20 years | − − − | − − − | − − | − | − − − | ||||
>20 years | − − − | − − − | − − | − − | − | − − | − | ||
Monthly income (Base: < THB 10k) | |||||||||
THB 10k–25k | |||||||||
>THB 25k | + | ||||||||
Job (1 if related to tourism, 0 otherwise) | − − | − − | |||||||
Tourist interaction (Base: Rare) | |||||||||
Sometimes | + | ||||||||
Regular | +++ | ++ | ++ | + | |||||
Frequency of tourism activities (Base: Rare) | |||||||||
Sometimes | ++ | ++ | +++ | + | |||||
Regular |
Variable | Public Transportation | Traffic Accident Problems | Social Conflict | Crime | Congestion | Safety Security | Cultural Conservation | Public Participation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (1 if female, 0 if male) | + | ++ | ||||||
Age (Base: < 25 years) | ||||||||
25–35 years | + | |||||||
>35 years | − | − | ||||||
Education (Base: High school or below) | ||||||||
Vocational school | ||||||||
Bachelor or higher | − − | |||||||
Residence district (Base: Kathu) | ||||||||
Thalang | − − − | − − | − | − | ||||
Mueang | ||||||||
Residency duration (Base: < 11 years) | ||||||||
11–20 years | − − − | − | − − | |||||
>20 years | − − − | − | ||||||
Monthly income (Base: < THB 10k) | ||||||||
THB 10k–25k | − | − | ||||||
>THB 25k | − | |||||||
Job (1 if related to tourism, 0 otherwise) | − − | |||||||
Tourist interaction (Base: Rare) | ||||||||
Sometimes | ||||||||
Regular | ||||||||
Frequency of tourism activities (Base: Rare) | ||||||||
Sometimes | ++ | ++ | +++ | ++ | ||||
Regular | ++ | + |
Variable | Price of goods & services | Housing Prices | Job Opportunity | Income Distribution | Cost of Living | Social Inequality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (1 if female, 0 if male) | + | |||||
Age (Base: < 25 years) | ||||||
25–35 years | ||||||
>36 years | ||||||
Education (Base: High school or below) | ||||||
Vocational school | + | |||||
Bachelor or higher | − − − | |||||
Residence district (Base: Kathu) | ||||||
Thalang | − − | |||||
Mueang | − − | |||||
Residency duration (Base: < 11 years) | ||||||
11–20 years | − | − − | ||||
>20 years | − − | |||||
Monthly income (Base: < THB 10k) | ||||||
THB 10k–25k | ||||||
> THB 25k | ||||||
Job (1 if related to tourism, 0 otherwise) | ||||||
Tourist interaction (Base: Rare) | ||||||
Sometimes | − | |||||
Regular | − − | |||||
Frequency of tourism activities (Base: Rare) | ||||||
Sometimes | ||||||
Regular | + + | + |
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Tuntipisitkul, P.; Tsusaka, T.W.; Kim, S.M.; Shrestha, R.P.; Sasaki, N. Residents’ Perception of Changing Local Conditions in the Context of Tourism Development: The Case of Phuket Island. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8699. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168699
Tuntipisitkul P, Tsusaka TW, Kim SM, Shrestha RP, Sasaki N. Residents’ Perception of Changing Local Conditions in the Context of Tourism Development: The Case of Phuket Island. Sustainability. 2021; 13(16):8699. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168699
Chicago/Turabian StyleTuntipisitkul, Pisit, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Sohee Minsun Kim, Rajendra P. Shrestha, and Nophea Sasaki. 2021. "Residents’ Perception of Changing Local Conditions in the Context of Tourism Development: The Case of Phuket Island" Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8699. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168699