Impact of the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Formal and Informal Care of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Cross-National Clustering of Empirical Evidence from 23 Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Measures and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Sample
2.2. Variables Included in the Analysis
2.3. Cluster Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Cumulative Confirmed COVID-19 Cases per Million People | Cumulative Confirmed COVID-19 Deaths per Million People |
---|---|---|
Netherlands | 3311.96 | 360.08 |
Poland | 1289.13 | 46.40 |
Germany | 2555.54 | 109.58 |
Switzerland | 4151.19 | 229.24 |
France | 3453.66 | 448.68 |
Luxembourg | 11,193.72 | 188.51 |
Bulgaria | 1830.19 | 62.60 |
Lithuania | 786.47 | 23.51 |
Latvia | 666.42 | 16.96 |
Slovakia | 442.70 | 5.31 |
Malta | 2097.21 | 20.38 |
Belgium | 6139.81 | 850.67 |
Spain | 6539.80 | 609.52 |
Denmark | 2493.01 | 106.35 |
Croatia | 1309.54 | 37.51 |
Sweden | 7757.10 | 569.05 |
Finland | 1355.78 | 59.74 |
Estonia | 1592.87 | 47.49 |
Cyprus | 1364.31 | 21.69 |
Italy | 4115.04 | 581.97 |
Israel | 9044.61 | 72.21 |
Hungary | 472.45 | 62.01 |
Greece | 442.70 | 20.15 |
Cluster | Country | Difference between Those Reporting More and Those Reporting Less Practical Help from… | Change in Informal Care (=Average of Columns “a,” “b” and “c”) | Share of Respondents Reporting More Difficulties in Receiving Home Care | Deviation from Average | |||
… Children | … Other Relatives | … Non Relatives (Neighbor, etc.) | Informal Care | Home Care | ||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | ||
1 | Netherlands | 64.9 | 6.0 | 53.3 | 41.4 | 7.6 | 27.3 | −11.8 |
1 | Poland | 60.2 | 16.1 | 11.8 | 29.4 | 2.9 | 15.2 | −16.4 |
1 | Germany | 53.8 | −2.0 | 29.8 | 27.2 | 5.1 | 13.0 | −14.2 |
1 | Switzerland | 56.8 | −5.1 | 30.0 | 27.2 | 10.5 | 13.1 | −8.8 |
2 | France | 53.7 | 5.7 | 43.9 | 34.4 | 29.0 | 20.3 | 9.7 |
2 | Luxembourg | 71.5 | 0.6 | 30.6 | 34.2 | 29.2 | 20.1 | 9.9 |
3 | Bulgaria | 31.1 | 10.2 | 21.0 | 20.7 | 8.0 | 6.6 | −11.3 |
3 | Lithuania | 59.8 | 1.5 | −3.4 | 19.3 | 8.8 | 5.1 | −10.6 |
3 | Latvia | 47.9 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 17.0 | 8.2 | 2.8 | −11.1 |
3 | Slovakia | 62.7 | −11.9 | −13.1 | 12.6 | 8.7 | −1.6 | −10.7 |
4 | Malta | 70.8 | −32.6 | 17.8 | 18.7 | 24.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 |
4 | Belgium | 55.3 | −17.6 | 15.5 | 17.7 | 21.0 | 3.6 | 1.6 |
4 | Spain | 49.9 | −0.4 | −17.2 | 10.8 | 25.9 | −3.4 | 6.6 |
4 | Denmark | 44.6 | −9.7 | 5.5 | 13.5 | 19.7 | −0.6 | 0.3 |
5 | Croatia | 51.3 | −22.0 | −7.8 | 7.2 | 15.6 | −7.0 | −3.8 |
5 | Sweden | 40.1 | −31.6 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 5.7 | −8.9 | −13.6 |
5 | Finland | 38.8 | −34.2 | −5.6 | −0.3 | 8.7 | −14.5 | −10.7 |
5 | Estonia | 49.3 | −39.0 | −28.5 | −6.1 | 12.1 | −20.2 | −7.2 |
6 | Cyprus | 47.3 | −34.1 | −25.1 | −4.0 | 24.7 | −18.1 | 5.3 |
6 | Italy | 43.0 | −43.0 | −20.2 | −6.8 | 28.9 | −20.9 | 9.6 |
6 | Israel | 61.8 | −60.4 | −21.3 | −6.6 | 36.4 | −20.8 | 17.0 |
7 | Hungary | 57.7 | −21.9 | −9.8 | 8.7 | 56.1 | −5.5 | 36.8 |
7 | Greece | 43.3 | −24.9 | −6.6 | 3.9 | 48.0 | −10.2 | 28.6 |
Average | 52.9 | −15.2 | 4.7 | 14.1 | 19.3 | |||
Legend: | ||||||||
First quartile (in relation to the difference between highest and lowest deviation from average) | ||||||||
Second quartile | ||||||||
Third quartile | ||||||||
Fourth quartile |
Change in Home Care Provision * | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1: Fewer Difficulties | 2: Medium | 3: More Difficulties | ||||||||
Change in informal care * | 1: stronger | Informal Help | Home Care | Informal Help | Home Care | Informal Help | Home Care | |||
Netherlands | 41 | 8 | France | 34 | 29 | |||||
Poland | 29 | 3 | ||||||||
Germany | 27 | 5 | Luxembourg | 34 | 29 | |||||
Switzerland | 27 | 11 | ||||||||
2: medium | Bulgaria | 21 | 8 | Denmark | 14 | 20 | ||||
Latvia | 17 | 8 | Belgium | 18 | 21 | |||||
Slovakia | 13 | 9 | Malta | 19 | 24 | |||||
Lithuania | 19 | 9 | Spain | 11 | 26 | |||||
3: weaker | Sweden | 5 | 6 | Cyprus | -4 | 25 | Greece | 4 | 48 | |
Finland | 0 | 9 | Italy | -7 | 29 | |||||
Estonia | -6 | 12 | Israel | -7 | 36 | Hungary | 9 | 56 | ||
Croatia | 7 | 16 |
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Tur-Sinai, A.; Bentur, N.; Fabbietti, P.; Lamura, G. Impact of the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Formal and Informal Care of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Cross-National Clustering of Empirical Evidence from 23 Countries. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137277
Tur-Sinai A, Bentur N, Fabbietti P, Lamura G. Impact of the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Formal and Informal Care of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Cross-National Clustering of Empirical Evidence from 23 Countries. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13):7277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137277
Chicago/Turabian StyleTur-Sinai, Aviad, Netta Bentur, Paolo Fabbietti, and Giovanni Lamura. 2021. "Impact of the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Formal and Informal Care of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Cross-National Clustering of Empirical Evidence from 23 Countries" Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7277. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137277