Community Acceptance of Wind Energy Developments: Experience from Wind Energy Scarce Regions in Europe
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Analytical Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Case Selection
3.2. The Stakeholder Survey
3.3. Data Collection
4. Results
4.1. Cross-case Assessment
4.2. The Criticality of Social Acceptance Barriers and Drivers
- its frequency;
- its level of impact.
4.2.1. The Criticality of Social Acceptance Barriers
4.2.2. The Criticality of Social Acceptance Drivers
4.2.3. Regional Variations in Acceptance-Related Patterns
5. Discussion
6. Concluding Remarks and Recommendations for Policy
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acceptance Factor Category | Acceptance Factors | No. |
---|---|---|
Technical characteristics of project | The size of modern projects (e.g., number of turbines and turbine height) | 1 |
The visibility of wind turbines | 2 | |
The distance of wind turbines from residential areas | 3 | |
Grid infrastructure improvement | 4 | |
Other infrastructure improvement (e.g., transport and communications) | 5 | |
Impacts on Environment | Physical environment (e.g., landscape, protected areas, increased traffic) | 6 |
Biodiversity and wildlife | 7 | |
GHG emissions | 8 | |
Impacts on Economy | Tourism sector | 9 |
Agricultural sector | 10 | |
Local profits and income (e.g., jobs, tax, local added value generation) | 11 | |
Individuals’ economy (e.g., electricity prices, landowners’ income, property value) | 12 | |
Distribution of benefits and costs between actors within the community | 13 | |
Distribution of benefits and costs between communities hosting wind power and other communities | 14 | |
The degree of local ownership of the plants | 15 | |
Impacts on Society | Health and well-being (e.g., electromagnetic frequencies, shadow flicker, noise) | 16 |
Quality of life (e.g., recreational opportunities) | 17 | |
Context | ||
Market | Regional (or national) share of renewables in the electricity sector | 18 |
Energy demand (e.g., exporter/importer of electricity, security of supply) | 19 | |
Planning & permitting process | Opportunities for informal/formal participation and consultation in the planning and permitting process | 20 |
Information about projects and the transparency of the permitting process | 21 | |
Trust in processes | 22 | |
Trust in information | 23 | |
Governance & regulatory framework | National/regional/local targets | 24 |
National/regional/local plans | 25 | |
National/regional/local policies: taxation | 26 | |
National/regional/local policies: financial support schemes | 27 | |
Trust in key actors | Trust in national decision-makers | 28 |
Trust in regional/local decision-makers | 29 | |
Trust in investors | 30 | |
Individual characteristics | Socio-cultural values (e.g., equal rights, entrepreneurialism) | 31 |
Sense of place, self-identity, place attachment | 32 | |
Discourse on wind energy in the public sphere/media | 33 | |
Political climate for wind energy development | 34 |
Barrier | −3 | This factor, by itself, is sufficient to prevent projects from being realized. |
−2 | This factor has a clear negative impact on social acceptance, but it will not be enough, by itself, to hinder the project from being realized. Yet, the barrier is so important it will have a significant impact on the overall assessment of the social acceptance of the project. | |
−1 | This factor has a small but negative impact on social acceptance or the negative impacts are slightly greater than the positive impacts, and there are no considerable conflicts related to the acceptance factor. | |
Neutral | 0 | This factor has an overall neutral impact on acceptance. |
Driver | 1 | This factor has a small but positive impact on social acceptance or positive impacts are slightly greater than the negative impacts, and there are no considerable conflicts related to the acceptance factor. |
2 | This factor will have a clear positive impact on social acceptance, but it will not be enough by itself to guarantee that the project is realized. Yet, the driver is so important it will have a significant impact on the overall assessment of the acceptance of the project. | |
3 | This factor, by itself, may be enough to ensure considerable support for the wind energy project. |
Respondent Affiliation | DE | ES | IT | LA | NO | PO | Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National public administration | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 10 |
Regional/local public administration | 7 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 10 | 34 |
Regional/local elected politician | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Electricity producer/distributor/cooperative | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
Project planner/developer/sub-contractor | 15 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 20 |
Environmental NGO/other NGO | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 13 |
Researcher/consultant | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 11 |
Other/unspecified | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 20 |
Total | 28 | 11 | 11 | 25 | 21 | 25 | 121 |
Acceptance Factor Category and Acceptance Factor | DE | ES | IT | LA | NO | PO | Avg. Across Regions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Technical characteristics of project | |||||||
Size (1) | −2 | −1 | −1 | −2 | −2 | −1 | −1 |
Visibility (2) | −2 | −2 | −2 | −1 | −2 | −1 | −2 |
Distance (3) | −2 | −2 | −1 | −2 | −1 | −2 | −2 |
Grid infrastructure improvement (4) | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Other infrastructure improvement (5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Impacts on environment | |||||||
Physical environment (6) | −2 | −2 | −3 | −2 | −2 | −1 | −2 |
Biodiversity & wildlife (7) | −2 | −1 | −2 | −2 | −2 | −1 | −2 |
GHG (8) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Impacts on economy | |||||||
Tourism (9) | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
Agriculture (10) | 0 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Local profits & income (11) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Individuals’ economy (12) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Econ. distribution within community (13) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Econ. distribution betw. communities (14) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Ownership (15) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Impacts on society | |||||||
Health & well-being (16) | −2 | 0 | −1 | −2 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
Quality of life (17) | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 | −1 |
Context | |||||||
Market | |||||||
Renewables (18) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Energy demand (19) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Planning & permitting process | |||||||
Participation & consultation (20) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Information & transparency (21) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Trust in processes (22) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Trust in information (23) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Governance & regulatory framework | |||||||
Targets (24) | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Plans (25) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Taxation (26) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Financial support schemes (27) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Trust in key actors | |||||||
Trust in nat. decision-makers (28) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Trust in reg./loc. decision-makers (29) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Trust in investors (30) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Individual characteristics | |||||||
Socio-cultural values (31) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sense of place (32) | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | −1 |
Public discourse (33) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 0 |
Political climate (34) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 |
Number of barriers | 10 | 6 | 10 | 9 | 11 | 9 | 9 |
Number of drivers | 9 | 16 | 19 | 15 | 13 | 16 | 15 |
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Leiren, M.D.; Aakre, S.; Linnerud, K.; Julsrud, T.E.; Di Nucci, M.-R.; Krug, M. Community Acceptance of Wind Energy Developments: Experience from Wind Energy Scarce Regions in Europe. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051754
Leiren MD, Aakre S, Linnerud K, Julsrud TE, Di Nucci M-R, Krug M. Community Acceptance of Wind Energy Developments: Experience from Wind Energy Scarce Regions in Europe. Sustainability. 2020; 12(5):1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051754
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeiren, Merethe Dotterud, Stine Aakre, Kristin Linnerud, Tom Erik Julsrud, Maria-Rosaria Di Nucci, and Michael Krug. 2020. "Community Acceptance of Wind Energy Developments: Experience from Wind Energy Scarce Regions in Europe" Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051754
APA StyleLeiren, M. D., Aakre, S., Linnerud, K., Julsrud, T. E., Di Nucci, M.-R., & Krug, M. (2020). Community Acceptance of Wind Energy Developments: Experience from Wind Energy Scarce Regions in Europe. Sustainability, 12(5), 1754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051754