Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique
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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology (BUBT), Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
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Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Millennium Point, Curzon Street, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK
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Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
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Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2020, 12(22), 9340; https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229340
Received: 23 September 2020 / Revised: 26 October 2020 / Accepted: 30 October 2020 / Published: 10 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Technology and Management)
With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.
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Keywords:
renewable energy; energy-sharing; load balancing; green cellular network; energy efficiency; spectral efficiency; outage probability; sustainability
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MDPI and ACS Style
Hossain, M.S.; Ziaul Islam, K.; Jahid, A.; Rahman, K.M.; Ahmed, S.; Alsharif, M.H. Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229340
AMA Style
Hossain MS, Ziaul Islam K, Jahid A, Rahman KM, Ahmed S, Alsharif MH. Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique. Sustainability. 2020; 12(22):9340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229340
Chicago/Turabian StyleHossain, Md. S., Khondoker Ziaul Islam, Abu Jahid, Khondokar M. Rahman, Sarwar Ahmed, and Mohammed H. Alsharif 2020. "Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique" Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9340. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229340
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