Higher Density Environments and the Critical Role of City Streets as Public Open Spaces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. The Relationship between Density, Open Space, and Crowding
3.1. Density and Crowding
“At its peak in the late 1960s, population density there was 40,000 people per square kilometer. That is close to double the density of Manhattan as a whole today and a third higher than the density of Greenwich Village. Yet the houses remained a uniformly diminutive two stories tall. The great majority were single-family homes…”
3.2. Streets as Open Space and Crowding
3.3. Examples of Streets as Open Space
4. Preconditions for Streets to Be POS
4.1. Traffic Calming and Pedestrianisation
“Attrition of automobiles operates by making conditions less convenient for cars. Attrition as a steady, gradual process (something that does not now exist) would steadily decrease the numbers of persons using private automobiles in a city…What sort of tactics are suitable to a strategy of attrition of automobiles by cities? … Tactics are suitable which give room to other necessary and desired city uses that happen to be in competition with automobile traffic needs”.[5] (p. 363)
4.2. Self-Building Practice
“…the problem is size of use rather than kind of use. On certain streets, any disproportionately large occupant of street front is visually a street disintegrator and desolator, although exactly the same kinds of uses, at small scale, do no harm and are indeed an asset”.[5] (p. 234)
5. Mechanisms behind Crowding
5.1. Perceived Density
Considering the unpopularity of automobile traffic, the Great Streets Initiative in Los Angeles set up the “People St” website allowing local communities and residents to apply for parklets, pedestrian plazas, and bicycle corrals [72]. Churchman [32] (p. 407) concludes that “converting a significant proportion of the spatial resources consumed by the car to other land uses may increase the positive effects of high density and reduce the negative effects”.
5.2. Human Needs and Tactical Urbanism
“Too often, for example, the requirement of adequate sunlight has resulted in buildings and people inordinately far from each other, beyond what demonstrable need for light would dictate. Safety concerns have been the justifications for ever-wider streets and wide, sweeping curves rather than narrow ways and sharp corners. Buildings are removed from streets because of noise considerations when there might be other ways to deal with this concern”.
“Tactical urbanism can be defined as ‘a city and citizen-led approach to neighbourhood building using short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions intended to create long-term change’. Actions can be classified as tactical when they have a vision, a local context, a short-term commitment, a low-risk and high-reward value and the support of a community. Ideally, they even develop social capital by bringing neighbours together. In the long term, pop-up interventions are intended to get an official sanctioning or create change”.
6. Policy Recommendations
6.1. Integrated Planning Interventions
6.2. Control of Primary Environments
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wen, L.; Kenworthy, J.; Marinova, D. Higher Density Environments and the Critical Role of City Streets as Public Open Spaces. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218896
Wen L, Kenworthy J, Marinova D. Higher Density Environments and the Critical Role of City Streets as Public Open Spaces. Sustainability. 2020; 12(21):8896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218896
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Liang, Jeffrey Kenworthy, and Dora Marinova. 2020. "Higher Density Environments and the Critical Role of City Streets as Public Open Spaces" Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218896