Can We Understand Non-Tourism as a Form of Sustainable Tourism? The Role of Lifestyle and Motivations behind Non-Traveling Based on the Hungarian Example
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Theoretical Framework of Non-Tourism and Lifestyle Correspondences
2.1. The Theoretical Framework of Non-Tourism and Non-Travel
2.2. The Constructs of Lifestyle Research
- traditional value system: honesty, environmental protection, pursuit of happiness and freedom, security, giving assistance, and respect for traditions
- modern value system: change, adventure, creativity, success, and acquiring wealth and power
- fast life tempo: ambitious way of thinking, digitalization, seeking the new, anxiety, and an active lifestyle
- slow life tempo: passive and slow lifestyle, absence, striving for permanence, and adherence
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Sample Selection
3.2. Statistical Procedures
4. Results
4.1. Presentation of the Empirical Results in Connection with Non-Traveling
4.2. The Relationship between Non-Travelers and Lifestyle Groups
5. Discussions
6. Theoretical and Practical Implications
7. Limitations of the Research
8. Future Research Directions
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Sample Characteristics
Gender | Generation | Region | ||||||
male | 973 | 48.6% | younger (18–29 years) | 462 | 23.1% | Central Hungary | 239 | 11.9% |
female | 1028 | 51.4% | middle-aged (30–59 years) | 1082 | 54.1% | Central Transdanubia | 216 | 10.8% |
older (>60) | 457 | 22.8% | Western Transdanubia | 203 | 10.1% | |||
Financial Situation | Education | Southern Transdanubia | 183 | 9.2% | ||||
very good | 151 | 7.5% | elementary school | 271 | 13.5% | Northern Hungary | 231 | 11.6% |
good | 790 | 39.5% | vocational training | 681 | 34.0% | Northern Great Plain | 299 | 15.0% |
fair | 869 | 43.4% | vocational high school | 406 | 20.3% | Southern Great Plain | 256 | 12.8% |
bad | 97 | 4.8% | secondary grammar school | 239 | 11.9% | Budapest | 372 | 18.6% |
very bad | 22 | 1.1% | higher technical school | 125 | 6.2% | Type of Settlement (if not Budapest) | ||
BA/Bsc | 191 | 9.5% | county town | 423 | 21.1% | |||
MA/Msc | 78 | 3.9% | city or town | 654 | 32.7% | |||
not answering | 10 | 0.5% | village | 552 | 27.6% |
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Resigned | Hedonists | Yuppies | Recognition Seekers | Distressed | Digital Consumers | Security Seekers | Career Builders | Falling Behind | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No choice made | 0.5% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 1.0% | 2.2% | 2.4% | 3.0% | 1.5% | |
Lack of time | 48.9% | 66.4% | 66.7% | 40.2% | 24.7% | 51.6% | 40.0% | 67.9% | 17.0% | 45.6% |
Don’t like traveling | 14.4% | 9.8% | 3.1% | 9.3% | 24.7% | 14.3% | 22,4% | 3.6% | 33.3% | 16.1% |
Lack of money | 27.7% | 17.2% | 22.9% | 44.9% | 32.0% | 30.8% | 25.9% | 17.9% | 36.3% | 29.4% |
Lack of companionship | 2.7% | 0.8% | 2.1% | 2.1% | 0.5% | 4.7% | 3.6% | 2.2% | 1.8% | |
Going and coming back too cumbersome | 0.5% | 1.6% | 2.1% | 4.1% | 0.5% | 2.4% | 3.6% | 0.7% | 1.3% | |
Afraid of new situations | 1.2% | 0.1% | ||||||||
Can’t stay idle | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.7% | 0.3% | ||||||
Afraid of traveling to foreign places | 1.1% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 3.0% | 0.8% | |||||
Lack of foreign language skills | 3.6% | 0.1% | ||||||||
Health issues | 1.1% | 0.9% | 10.3% | 3.0% | 1.6% | |||||
Can get travel experiences at home via the internet and technology | 1.0% | 0.1% | ||||||||
Other | 3.2% | 2.5% | 1.0% | 1.9% | 0.7% | 1.3% |
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Dávid, L.D.; Csapó, J.; Nagy, Á.; Törőcsik, M. Can We Understand Non-Tourism as a Form of Sustainable Tourism? The Role of Lifestyle and Motivations behind Non-Traveling Based on the Hungarian Example. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187353
Dávid LD, Csapó J, Nagy Á, Törőcsik M. Can We Understand Non-Tourism as a Form of Sustainable Tourism? The Role of Lifestyle and Motivations behind Non-Traveling Based on the Hungarian Example. Sustainability. 2020; 12(18):7353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187353
Chicago/Turabian StyleDávid, Lóránt Dénes, János Csapó, Ákos Nagy, and Mária Törőcsik. 2020. "Can We Understand Non-Tourism as a Form of Sustainable Tourism? The Role of Lifestyle and Motivations behind Non-Traveling Based on the Hungarian Example" Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7353. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187353