Effects of Long-Term Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems on Soil Erosion and Water Infiltration in a Brazilian Cerrado Site
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Treatments and Experimental Design
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agricultural Systems | Description | Treatments | |
---|---|---|---|
Continuous Grazing (CG) | Brachiaria decumbens pasture under variable stocking rate with a minimum of two steers per paddock (0.70 ha), increasing rate according to forage. | CG-RF | Regular Nitrogen fertilization for maintenance, according to periodic soil chemical analysis. We carried out the measurements in February 2018 (summer). |
Continuous Crop (CC) | Soybean is cultivated during the summer and Brachiaria spp during the fall–winter | CC-NT | No-tillage and without subsoiling. We carried out the measurements in July 2018 (winter). |
CC-SS | No-tillage with subsoiling every four years. The last subsoiling was in November 2017. We carried out the measurements in July 2018 (winter). | ||
Crop-Livestock rotation (CL) | Rotation of soybean cropping under no-till for one year and Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã pasture under variable stocking rate with annual fertilization for three years. | C1-L3 | The three-year livestock phase started in 2018. We carried out the measurements in August 2018 (winter). |
Rotation of soybean cropping under no-till with Brachiaria spp. and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim as fall–winter crops for four years and Panicum maximum cv. Massai pasture under continuous grazing and variable stocking rate for four years. | CL-4L | We carried out the measurements in April–June 2018 (fall) during the four-year livestock phase, which started in 2018. | |
CL-4C | We carried out the measurements in June 2018 (fall) during the four-year cropping phase, which started in 2018. | ||
Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry (CLF) | Eucalyptus urograndis (28 × 4 m paired-row) is associated with a crop–livestock rotation system (CL). The CL management in this treatment is equivalent to the abovementioned: a rotation of four years cropping and four years livestock. | CLF-L | The four-year livestock phase started in 2018. It consists of Panicum maximum cv. Massai pasture under continuous grazing and variable stocking rate. We carried out the measurements in April–June 2018 (fall). |
CLF-C | The four-year cropping phase started in 2018. It consists of soybean cropping under no-till with Brachiaria spp. and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim as fall–winter crops. We carried out the measurements in June 2018 (fall). |
Treatments | θi (%) | θf (%) | S (degrees) | BD (g cm−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CG-RF | 24 | 34 | 3.3 | 1.29 |
CC-NT | 17 | 29 | 4.9 | 1.28 |
CC-SS | 19 | 28 | 3.1 | 1.43 |
C1-L3 | 18 | 24 | 3.9 | 1.27 |
CL-4C | 15 | 23 | 2.0 | 1.32 |
CL-4L | 18 | 23 | 1.8 | 1.38 |
CLF-C | 13 | 23 | 2.0 | 1.34 |
CLF-L | 12 | 21 | 1.9 | 1.35 |
Cerrado | 19 | 22 | 3.0 | 0.89 |
Treatments | Horton’s Equation | S | Mean SIR (mm h−1) | sd | Mean SL (g s−1 m−2) | sd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation cover | ||||||
Cerrado | 2.7 | 71.1 a | 3.5 | 3.3 × 10−4 a | 1.3 × 10−4 | |
CG-RF | 9.2 | 45.9 b | 14.0 | 1.1 × 10−3 a | 6.9 × 10−4 | |
CC-NT | 1.0 | 73.3 a | 0.7 | 4.9 × 10−4 a | 2.8 × 10−4 | |
CC-SS | 9.8 | 55.8 b | 12.6 | 2.9 × 10−3 a | 2.1 × 10−3 | |
C1-L3 | 1.2 | 71.1 a | 1.6 | 4.4 × 10−3 a | 3.1 × 10−5 | |
CL-4C | 0.7 | 72.3 a | 0.9 | 2.7 × 10−4 a | 2.1 × 10−5 | |
CL-4L | 14.2 | 52.8 b | 23.4 | 4.7 × 10−3 a | 4.5 × 10−4 | |
CLF-C | 2.2 | 74.8 a | 2.6 | 5.8 × 10−4 a | 2.2 × 10−4 | |
CLF-L | 6.4 | 49.0 b | 7.8 | 7.0 × 10−3 b | 4.6 × 10−3 | |
Bare soil | ||||||
Cerrado | 3.2 | 69.4 a | 4.1 | 8.4 × 10−4 a | 6.1 × 10−4 | |
CG-RF | 9.4 | 19.4 d | 5.8 | 2.0 × 10−2 b | 5.0 × 10−3 | |
CC-NT | 3.7 | 62.9 b | 4.1 | 7.0 × 10−3 a | 3.7 × 10−3 | |
CC-SS | 6.5 | 36.7 c | 2.9 | 2.5 × 10−2 b | 1.7 × 10−2 | |
C1-L3 | 0.5 | 70.8 a | 0.4 | 7.0 × 10−3 a | 8.7 × 10−3 | |
CL-4C | 9.8 | 53.8 b | 18.4 | 4.0 × 10−3 a | 2.6 × 10−3 | |
CL-4L | 11.5 | 32.6 c | 12.8 | 3.1 × 10−2 b | 1.9 × 10−3 | |
CLF-C | 9.5 | 56.6 b | 10.4 | 8.9 × 10−3 a | 9.7 × 10−3 | |
CLF-L | 7.5 | 29.3 c | 6.6 | 2.4 × 10−2 b | 1.1 × 10−2 |
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Sone, J.S.; Sanches de Oliveira, P.T.; Pereira Zamboni, P.A.; Motta Vieira, N.O.; Altrão Carvalho, G.; Motta Macedo, M.C.; Romeiro de Araujo, A.; Baptaglin Montagner, D.; Alves Sobrinho, T. Effects of Long-Term Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems on Soil Erosion and Water Infiltration in a Brazilian Cerrado Site. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195339
Sone JS, Sanches de Oliveira PT, Pereira Zamboni PA, Motta Vieira NO, Altrão Carvalho G, Motta Macedo MC, Romeiro de Araujo A, Baptaglin Montagner D, Alves Sobrinho T. Effects of Long-Term Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems on Soil Erosion and Water Infiltration in a Brazilian Cerrado Site. Sustainability. 2019; 11(19):5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195339
Chicago/Turabian StyleSone, Jullian Souza, Paulo T. Sanches de Oliveira, Pedro A. Pereira Zamboni, Nelson O. Motta Vieira, Glauber Altrão Carvalho, Manuel C. Motta Macedo, Alexandre Romeiro de Araujo, Denise Baptaglin Montagner, and Teodorico Alves Sobrinho. 2019. "Effects of Long-Term Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems on Soil Erosion and Water Infiltration in a Brazilian Cerrado Site" Sustainability 11, no. 19: 5339. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195339