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Volume 10
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10.3390/su10093118
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Review

State of the Art of Automated Buses

by
Jaagup Ainsalu
1,
Ville Arffman
2,
Mauro Bellone
3,*,
Maximilian Ellner
4,
Taina Haapamäki
5,
Noora Haavisto
2,
Ebba Josefson
6,
Azat Ismailogullari
2,
Bob Lee
6,
Olav Madland
7,
Raitis Madžulis
8,
Jaanus Müür
9,
Sami Mäkinen
5,
Ville Nousiainen
10,
Eetu Pilli-Sihvola
11,
Eetu Rutanen
2,
Sami Sahala
10,
Boris Schønfeldt
12,
Piotr Marek Smolnicki
13,
Ralf-Martin Soe
9,
Juha Sääski
2,
Magdalena Szymańska
14,
Ingar Vaskinn
15 and
Milla Åman
2add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Tallinn Transport Department, Tallinn City Government, EE-10146 Tallinn, Estonia
2
Department of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, FI-00079 Helsinki, Finland
3
Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41258 Gothenburg, Sweden
4
IKEM Institute for Climate Protection, Energy and Mobility, DE10179 Berlin, Germany
5
FLOU Solutions Ltd, FI-00170 Helsinki, Finland
6
Front Advokater, SE-41117 Gothenburg, Sweden
7
Applied Autonomy Ltd, NO-3616 Kongsberg, Norway
8
Zemgale Planning Region, LV-3001 Jelgavā, Latvia
9
Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance, Tallinn University of Technology, EE-12616 Tallinn, Estonia
10
Forum Virium Helsinki, FI-00130 Helsinki, Finland
11
Finnish Transport Safety Agency (Trafi), FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
12
The Municipality of Vejle, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark
13
Department of Urban Design and Regional Planning, Gdańsk University of Technology, PL-80233 Gdańsk, Poland
14
The City of Gdańsk, PL-80-803 Gdańsk, Poland
15
The Municipality of Kongsberg, NO-3602 Kongsberg, Norway
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2018, 10(9), 3118; https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093118
Submission received: 12 July 2018 / Revised: 8 August 2018 / Accepted: 9 August 2018 / Published: 31 August 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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Abstract

Urban transportation in the next few decades will shift worldwide toward electrification and automation, with the final aim of increasing energy efficiency and safety for passengers. Such a big change requires strong collaboration and efforts among public administration, research and stakeholders in developing, testing and promoting these technologies in public transportation. Working in this direction, this work provides a review of the impact of the introduction of driverless electric minibuses, for the first and last mile transportation, in public service. More specifically, this paper covers the state of the art in terms of technological background for automation, energy efficiency via electrification and the current state of the legal framework in Europe with a focus on the Baltic Sea Region.
Keywords: automated buses; electrification; intelligent urban transportation automated buses; electrification; intelligent urban transportation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ainsalu, J.; Arffman, V.; Bellone, M.; Ellner, M.; Haapamäki, T.; Haavisto, N.; Josefson, E.; Ismailogullari, A.; Lee, B.; Madland, O.; et al. State of the Art of Automated Buses. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093118

AMA Style

Ainsalu J, Arffman V, Bellone M, Ellner M, Haapamäki T, Haavisto N, Josefson E, Ismailogullari A, Lee B, Madland O, et al. State of the Art of Automated Buses. Sustainability. 2018; 10(9):3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093118

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ainsalu, Jaagup, Ville Arffman, Mauro Bellone, Maximilian Ellner, Taina Haapamäki, Noora Haavisto, Ebba Josefson, Azat Ismailogullari, Bob Lee, Olav Madland, and et al. 2018. "State of the Art of Automated Buses" Sustainability 10, no. 9: 3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093118

APA Style

Ainsalu, J., Arffman, V., Bellone, M., Ellner, M., Haapamäki, T., Haavisto, N., Josefson, E., Ismailogullari, A., Lee, B., Madland, O., Madžulis, R., Müür, J., Mäkinen, S., Nousiainen, V., Pilli-Sihvola, E., Rutanen, E., Sahala, S., Schønfeldt, B., Smolnicki, P. M., ... Åman, M. (2018). State of the Art of Automated Buses. Sustainability, 10(9), 3118. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093118

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