Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism in An Giang Province, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Reviews
2.1. Sustainable Development
2.2. Customer Satisfaction
2.3. Revisit Intention
2.4. Related Studies
2.5. Proposed Model
2.5.1. Tourism Infrastructure
2.5.2. Natural Environment
2.5.3. Food and Beverage
2.5.4. Safety and Security in Tourism
2.5.5. People
2.5.6. Service Price
2.5.7. Spirituality
3. Research Method
4. Empirical Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Scale Reliability Tests
4.3. Exploratory Factor Analysis
4.4. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
4.5. Structural Equation Modeling
4.5.1. Tests for Model Fitness and Hypotheses
4.5.2. Hypotheses Tests Using the SEM Model
5. Conclusions and Managerial Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Managerial Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANAT | Safety and security in tourism |
AT | Food and beverage |
CFA | Confirmatory factor analysis |
CFI | Comparative fit index |
CMIN | Chi-square |
CN | People |
df | Degrees of freedom |
EFA | Exploratory factor analysis |
GCDV | Service price |
GFI | Goodness of fit index |
KMO | Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy |
MTTN | Natural environment |
p-value | Significance level |
RMSEA | Root mean square error of approximation |
SHL | Satisfaction |
TL | Spirituality |
TLI | Tucker–Lewis index |
VCKT | Tourism infrastructure |
YDQL | Revisit intention |
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Observed | Scale Mean If | Scale Variance | Corrected Item- | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Item Deleted | If Item Deleted | Total Correlation | If Item Deleted |
Tourism infrastructure (VCKT): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.872 | ||||
VCKT | 14.49 | 10.559 | 0.676 | 0.851 |
VCKT | 14.57 | 10.428 | 0.690 | 0.847 |
VCKT | 14.49 | 10.567 | 0.682 | 0.849 |
VCKT | 14.46 | 10.565 | 0.715 | 0.841 |
VCKT | 14.44 | 10.421 | 0.730 | 0.838 |
Natural environment (MTTN): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.853 | ||||
MTTN | 10.84 | 8.364 | 0.686 | 0.816 |
MTTN | 11.01 | 8.648 | 0.666 | 0.824 |
MTTN | 10.95 | 8.023 | 0.744 | 0.791 |
MTTN | 10.87 | 8.247 | 0.680 | 0.819 |
Food and beverage (AT): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.867 | ||||
AT | 11.54 | 5.079 | 0.669 | 0.851 |
AT | 11.61 | 4.637 | 0.795 | 0.797 |
AT | 11.50 | 5.030 | 0.732 | 0.825 |
AT | 11.52 | 5.381 | 0.681 | 0.845 |
Safety and security (ANAT): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.895 | ||||
ANAT | 14.84 | 10.204 | 0.751 | 0.870 |
ANAT | 14.86 | 10.102 | 0.739 | 0.873 |
ANAT | 14.82 | 10.296 | 0.717 | 0.878 |
ANAT | 14.82 | 10.528 | 0.739 | 0.873 |
ANAT | 14.83 | 10.304 | 0.767 | 0.867 |
People (CN): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.858 | ||||
CN | 14.58 | 10.592 | 0.708 | 0.820 |
CN | 14.62 | 10.576 | 0.692 | 0.824 |
CN | 14.63 | 10.515 | 0.695 | 0.823 |
CN | 14.56 | 10.789 | 0.717 | 0.818 |
CN | 14.68 | 11.142 | 0.565 | 0.857 |
Service Prices (GCDV): Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.814 | ||||
GCDV | 10.74 | 6.540 | 0.609 | 0.779 |
GCDV | 10.79 | 6.660 | 0.679 | 0.745 |
GCDV | 10.80 | 6.716 | 0.665 | 0.752 |
GCDV | 10.84 | 6.687 | 0.586 | 0.789 |
Spirituality (TL): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.893 | ||||
TL | 11.18 | 7.565 | 0.773 | 0.860 |
TL | 11.20 | 7.931 | 0.785 | 0.856 |
TL | 11.13 | 7.794 | 0.744 | 0.870 |
TL | 11.20 | 7.811 | 0.758 | 0.865 |
Satisfaction (SHL): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.896 | ||||
SHL | 11.34 | 5.961 | 0.742 | 0.876 |
SHL | 11.42 | 5.857 | 0.773 | 0.865 |
SHL | 11.36 | 5.887 | 0.795 | 0.856 |
SHL | 11.38 | 5.968 | 0.767 | 0.867 |
Revisit Intention (YDQL): Cronbach’s alpha = 0.889 | ||||
YDQL | 11.32 | 6.028 | 0.766 | 0.855 |
YDQL | 11.37 | 6.449 | 0.791 | 0.845 |
YDQL | 11.30 | 6.325 | 0.775 | 0.850 |
YDQL | 11.41 | 6.676 | 0.700 | 0.878 |
Observed Variables | Factor | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
ANAT | 0.869 | ||||||
ANAT | 0.814 | ||||||
ANAT | 0.805 | ||||||
ANAT | 0.755 | ||||||
ANAT | 0.681 | ||||||
VCKT | 0.797 | ||||||
VCKT | 0.779 | ||||||
VCKT | 0.750 | ||||||
VCKT | 0.745 | ||||||
VCKT | 0.731 | ||||||
CN | 0.804 | ||||||
CN | 0.789 | ||||||
CN | 0.755 | ||||||
CN | 0.724 | ||||||
CN | 0.632 | ||||||
AT | 0.891 | ||||||
AT | 0.828 | ||||||
AT | 0.727 | ||||||
AT | 0.706 | ||||||
TL | 0.844 | ||||||
TL | 0.825 | ||||||
TL | 0.818 | ||||||
TL | 0.785 | ||||||
MTTN | 0.833 | ||||||
MTTN | 0.757 | ||||||
MTTN | 0.753 | ||||||
MTTN | 0.733 | ||||||
GCDV | 0.776 | ||||||
GCDV | 0.763 | ||||||
GCDV | 0.710 | ||||||
GCDV | 0.664 | ||||||
Eigenvalue | 8.232 | 2.962 | 2.544 | 2.404 | 1.980 | 1.794 | 1.501 |
% of Variance | 26.555 | 36.112 | 44.318 | 52.072 | 58.458 | 64.247 | 69.089 |
KMO | 0.902 | ||||||
Chi-Square | 8088.815 | ||||||
Bartlett’s Test | df | 465 | |||||
Sig. | 0.000 |
Observed Variables | Factor | |
---|---|---|
1 | ||
SHL | 0.860 | |
SHL | 0.830 | |
SHL | 0.825 | |
SHL | 0.792 | |
Eigenvalue | 3.050 | |
% of Variance | 76.260 | |
KMO | 0.830 | |
Chi-Square | 1203.947 | |
Bartlett’s Test | df | 6 |
Sig. | 0.000 |
Observed Variables | Factor | |
---|---|---|
1 | ||
YDQL | 0.859 | |
YDQL | 0.839 | |
YDQL | 0.827 | |
YDQL | 0.747 | |
Eigenvalue | 3.008 | |
% of Variance | 75.193 | |
KMO | 0.841 | |
Chi-Square | 1140.489 | |
Bartlett’s Test | df | 6 |
Sig. | 0.000 |
Term | Scale | No. of Observed Variables | Reliability Test | Average Variance Extracted | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite | ||||
Determinants of the satisfaction and revisit intention of tourists in the case of An Giang province | Tourism infrastructure (VCKT) | 5 | 0.872 | 0.873 | 0.579 |
Natural environment (MTTN) | 4 | 0.853 | 0.854 | 0.594 | |
Food and beverage (AT) | 4 | 0.867 | 0.869 | 0.626 | |
Safety and security (ANAT) | 5 | 0.895 | 0.896 | 0.632 | |
People (CN) | 5 | 0.858 | 0.861 | 0.555 | |
Service prices (GCDV) | 4 | 0.814 | 0.817 | 0.529 | |
Spirituality (TL) | 4 | 0.893 | 0.894 | 0.679 | |
Satisfaction (SHL) | 4 | 0.896 | 0.896 | 0.684 | |
Revisit intention (YDQL) | 4 | 0.889 | 0.891 | 0.671 |
Relationships | Coefficient | Standardized | S.E. | C.R. | p | Conclusion | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | ||||||||
SHL | <— | VCKT | 0.118 | 0.165 | 0.028 | 4.193 | *** | H1 Supported |
SHL | <— | MTTN | 0.133 | 0.209 | 0.026 | 5.145 | *** | H3 Supported |
SHL | <— | AT | 0.225 | 0.239 | 0.038 | 5.894 | *** | H5 Supported |
SHL | <— | ANAT | 0.297 | 0.405 | 0.032 | 9.355 | *** | H7 Supported |
SHL | <— | CN | 0.225 | 0.260 | 0.037 | 6.036 | *** | H9 Supported |
SHL | <— | GCDV | 0.142 | 0.183 | 0.032 | 4.407 | *** | H11 Supported |
SHL | <— | TL | 0.319 | 0.491 | 0.030 | 10.731 | *** | H13 Supported |
YDQL | <— | VCKT | 0.042 | 0.055 | 0.024 | 1.740 | 0.082 | H2 Rejected |
YDQL | <— | MTTN | −0.033 | −0.048 | 0.023 | −1.446 | 0.148 | H4 Rejected |
YDQL | <— | AT | 0.081 | 0.081 | 0.034 | 2.397 | 0.017 | H6 Supported |
YDQL | <— | ANAT | 0.206 | 0.260 | 0.033 | 6.250 | *** | H8 Supported |
YDQL | <— | CN | 0.094 | 0.101 | 0.033 | 2.876 | 0.004 | H10 Supported |
YDQL | <— | GCDV | 0.059 | 0.071 | 0.028 | 2.129 | 0.033 | H12 Supported |
YDQL | <— | TL | 0.182 | 0.261 | 0.032 | 5.686 | *** | H14 Supported |
YDQL | <— | SHL | 0.693 | 0.647 | 0.079 | 8.727 | *** | H15 Supported |
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Long, N.T.; Nguyen, T.-L. Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism in An Giang Province, Vietnam. Sustainability 2018, 10, 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040953
Long NT, Nguyen T-L. Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism in An Giang Province, Vietnam. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040953
Chicago/Turabian StyleLong, Nguyen Thanh, and Thanh-Lam Nguyen. 2018. "Sustainable Development of Rural Tourism in An Giang Province, Vietnam" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 953. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040953