Evaluation of the Effects of Land Cover Change on Ecosystem Service Values in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwestern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Acquisition of Land Cover Data
2.2.1. Historical Land Cover Data
2.2.2. Future Land Cover Data
2.3. Estimation of the Total ESV
2.3.1. The Economic Value of One Equivalent
2.3.2. Calculation of ESV per ha
2.3.3. Calculation of Total ESV
2.4. Elasticity in ESV in Response to Land Cover Change
2.5. Contribution Rates of Land Cover Types to ESV
3. Results
3.1. Land Cover Change Analyses
3.1.1. Land Cover Change from 2001 to 2015
3.1.2. Land Cover Change from 2015 to 2029
3.2. Changes in ESV from 2001–2029
3.3. Elasticity of Change in ESV with Respect to Land Cover Chang.
3.4. Analyses of Contribution Rates of Land Cover Types to ESV
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Land Cover Change on ESV
4.2. Comparisons with Other Results
4.3. Application in Planning for Ecological Management
4.4. Limitations of ESV Evaluation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Land Cover Types | Consistency Ratio | Variables | Description | Factor Weight | Function Type b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Woodland | 0.0139 | Temperature | 8.0–14.0 °C, 11 °C a | 0.4175 | SS |
Precipitation | 320–600 mm, 460 mm a | 0.2241 | SS | ||
Elevation | 2200–3800 m, 3000 m a | 0.1132 | SS | ||
Slope | 0°–37° | 0.0575 | DS | ||
Aspect | 0°–180°; 180°–360° | 0.1876 | DJ;IJ | ||
High-cover grassland | 0.0116 | Temperature | −5–16 °C | 0.4849 | IS |
Precipitation | 240–960 mm | 0.2800 | IS | ||
Elevation | 2000–4800 m, 3500 m a | 0.1669 | SS | ||
Slope | 0°–37° | 0.0681 | DS | ||
Medium-cover grassland | 0.0152 | Temperature | −5–16 °C | 0.1605 | IS |
Precipitation | Less than 600 mm | 0.4881 | DS | ||
Elevation | Less than 3500 m | 0.2515 | DS | ||
Slope | 0°–37° | 0.0999 | IS | ||
Closed shrub land | 0.0250 | Temperature | −5–16 °C | 0.4750 | IS |
Precipitation | 240–960 mm | 0.1654 | IS | ||
Elevation | More than 3300 m | 0.3113 | IS | ||
Slope | 0°–37° | 0.0483 | DS | ||
Wetland | 0.0000 | Precipitation | 240–960 mm | 0.2857 | IS |
Elevation | 2000–4800m | 0.1429 | DS | ||
Slope | 0°–37° | 0.5714 | DS | ||
Bare land | 0.0000 | Temperature | −5–16 °C | 0.6000 | DS |
Precipitation | 240–960 mm | 0.3000 | DS | ||
Slope | 0°–37° | 0.1000 | IS |
Appendix B
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Variables | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
NDVI | Average value for the growing season (from May to October) | Derived from the Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS) [44] |
Precipitation | Annual average precipitation | Derived from Chinese Academy of Sciences Resource and Environment Science Data Center [45] |
Amount of soil retention | Calculated with the universal soil loss equation | Derived from Chinese Academy of Sciences Resource and Environment Science Data Center [46] |
Real GDP per capita | Ratio of total GDP to the total population | Zhangye Statistical yearbook for 2001 |
The Engel coefficient | Proportion of total expenditure for food to the total expenditure for personal consumption | Zhangye Statistical yearbook for 2001 |
Crop planting area | The planting area of each crop | Zhangye Statistical yearbook for 2001 |
Net profit of crop | Net profit per ha obtained by planting crop | Compilation of National Agricultural Product Cost and Income Data for 2001 |
Time Interval | LCP (%) | Changes in ESV (106$) | EEL |
---|---|---|---|
2001–2015 | 25.56 | 272.15 | 0.88 |
2015–2029 | 16.15 | 95.05 | 0.40 |
Land Cover Types | 2001 | 2008 | 2015 | 2029 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area | % | Area | % | Area | % | Area | % | |
Woodland | 32.40 | 3.30 | 13.50 | 1.38 | 24.70 | 2.52 | 46.00 | 4.69 |
High-cover grassland | 341.10 | 34.75 | 380.30 | 38.74 | 436.30 | 44.44 | 461.50 | 47.01 |
Medium-cover grassland | 284.60 | 28.99 | 275.90 | 28.10 | 231.20 | 23.55 | 193.40 | 19.70 |
Closed shrub land | 151.20 | 15.40 | 154.80 | 15.77 | 126.10 | 12.85 | 114.90 | 11.70 |
Bare land | 162.30 | 16.53 | 133.10 | 13.56 | 129.40 | 13.18 | 123.10 | 12.54 |
Wetland | 10.10 | 1.03 | 24.10 | 2.45 | 34.00 | 3.46 | 42.80 | 4.36 |
Ecosystem Service Types | Woodland | High-Cover Grassland | Medium-Cover Grassland | Closed Shrub Land | Bare Land | Wetland |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food production | 17.73 | 32.13 | 21.05 | 14.40 | 2.22 | 46.53 |
Raw material | 42.10 | 47.64 | 32.13 | 33.24 | 7.76 | 46.53 |
Water supply | 9.97 | 18.83 | 17.73 | 8.86 | 7.76 | 651.45 |
Atmosphere regulation | 138.49 | 166.19 | 110.79 | 108.57 | 26.59 | 175.05 |
Climate regulation | 414.35 | 440.94 | 294.70 | 326.83 | 24.37 | 331.26 |
Waste treatment | 121.87 | 146.24 | 97.50 | 98.60 | 74.23 | 331.26 |
Water regulation | 129.62 | 238.20 | 213.82 | 136.27 | 79.77 | 6091.23 |
Soil retention | 198.31 | 216.04 | 170.62 | 94.17 | 31.02 | 655.88 |
Nutrient cycling | 13.29 | 15.51 | 11.08 | 9.97 | 2.22 | 16.62 |
Biodiversity protection | 154.00 | 185.02 | 124.08 | 120.76 | 28.81 | 725.67 |
Recreation & culture | 66.47 | 81.98 | 54.29 | 53.18 | 12.19 | 435.40 |
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Zhao, M.; He, Z. Evaluation of the Effects of Land Cover Change on Ecosystem Service Values in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwestern China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124700
Zhao M, He Z. Evaluation of the Effects of Land Cover Change on Ecosystem Service Values in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwestern China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(12):4700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124700
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Minmin, and Zhibin He. 2018. "Evaluation of the Effects of Land Cover Change on Ecosystem Service Values in the Upper Reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwestern China" Sustainability 10, no. 12: 4700. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124700