Assessment of Field Compaction of Aggregate Base Materials for Permeable Pavements Based on Plate Load Tests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Permeable Base and Compaction Quality Control
2.1. Permeable Base and Open-Graded Aggregates
2.2. Compaction Quality Control and Permeable Base
3. Field Test
3.1. Test Materials
3.2. Test Program
3.3. Test Bed Construction and Test Procedure
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Modulus Calculation
4.2. Relationship Between Roller Pass and Modulus
4.3. Relationship Between Materials and Modulus
4.4. Variations Between Modulus Measurements
5. Conclusions
- The values of Ev1, Ev2, and k2.5 steeply increased up to four roller passes for most of the test materials and lifts considered here. Ev1 clearly keeps increasing as the number of passes raises after four passes but with declined trends. The minimum of four roller passes recommended by the ICPI and ASCE [1,28] is efficient, but one can expect hardening of the open-graded materials for larger number of roller passes than four.
- The strain modulus at the second loading cycle (Ev2) showed high dependency on the material type. Large particles at the lowest compaction level, in some cases, had higher Ev2 than the smaller particles at the highest compaction level. The selection of materials is very important, and the level of compaction does not compensate the mis-selection of the materials.
- For open-graded aggregates that undergoes large deformation during PLT, the strain modulus Ev1 and Ev2 measures much wider range of stress and displacement than k2.5. As such, Ev1 and Ev2 give more consistent results. For open-graded aggregates, Ev1 and Ev2 would make a more reliable measure for QC than k2.5.
- When the results are compared to the requirements in German and Korean guides, all the materials tested meet the requirement for Ev2 but not for Ev2/Ev1 and k2.5. This would be partially because the current requirements are setup focusing on dense-graded materials. It will be necessary to develop more suitable QC requirements for the open-graded aggregate base.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Literature | Soil Type | MDD 2 (g/cm3) | OMC 3 (%) | RC 4 (%) | MC 5 (%) | Ev16 (MPa) | Ev27 (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wiman [27] | Fine sand subgrade | 1.72 3 | 14.4 3 | 99–101 | 5.3–9.9 | 35–36 | 97–107 |
Natural gravel | 2.18 3 | 3.7 3 | 99.7 | 2.4 | 65 | 190 | |
Crushed rock aggregate | 2.17 3 | 4.7 3 | 99.8 | 2.7 | 61 | 185 | |
Granular base | 2.35 3 | 4.5 3 | 95.8 | 2.2 | 77.6 | 191 | |
Kim and Park [18] | Poorly graded gravel | 2.27 | - | - | 5.9 | 23–53 | 48–137 |
Kim et al. [32] | Silty sand | - | - | - | - | 11~15 | 21~28 |
Lean clay | - | - | - | - | 12~23 | 18~37 |
Literature | Country | Material | Requirement | Corresponding RC (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ev2 (MPa) | Ev2/Ev1 | k2.5 (MPa/m) | ||||
ZTVE-StB 94 [33] | Germany | GW, GI, GU, GT 1 | ≥70 | - | - | ≥98 |
- | - | ≤2.5 | - | - | ||
Standard specification for road construction [34] | Korea | Subbase | - | - | ≥294 2 | ≥95 |
Test Material | Lithology | Material Composition by Volume | Cu 1 | Cc 2 | Specific Gravity | Abrasion Rate (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D40 | D25 | D13 | ||||||
D40 | Rhyolite | 100% | - | - | 2.88 | 1.19 | 2.67–2.75 | 12.8 |
D40 + D25 | 50% | 50% | - | 2.99 | 1.08 | 9.8 | ||
D25 | - | 100% | - | 2.48 | 1.02 | 10.3 | ||
D25 + D13 | - | 50% | 50% | 2.84 | 1.16 | 11.2 | ||
D13 | - | - | 100% | 2.79 | 1.16 | 12.3 |
Test Materials | Lift | Number of Roller Passes |
---|---|---|
D40 | First (30 cm) Second (30 cm) | 2 4 8 12 |
D40 + D25 | ||
D25 | ||
D25 + D13 | ||
D13 |
Modulus | Coefficient of Variation (CV) | |
---|---|---|
Maximum (%) | Mean (%) | |
Ev1 | 16.1 | 5.3 |
Ev2 | 22.4 | 4.5 |
k2.5 | 40.6 | 10.5 |
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Choi, Y.-J.; Ahn, D.; Nguyen, T.H.; Ahn, J. Assessment of Field Compaction of Aggregate Base Materials for Permeable Pavements Based on Plate Load Tests. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3817. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103817
Choi Y-J, Ahn D, Nguyen TH, Ahn J. Assessment of Field Compaction of Aggregate Base Materials for Permeable Pavements Based on Plate Load Tests. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3817. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103817
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Yong-Jin, Donghyun Ahn, Tan Hung Nguyen, and Jaehun Ahn. 2018. "Assessment of Field Compaction of Aggregate Base Materials for Permeable Pavements Based on Plate Load Tests" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3817. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103817