Factors Contributing to Disaster Evacuation: The Case of South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Design
3.2. Categories of Factors
3.3. Logit Regression Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Results of Demographic Characteristics Model
4.2. Results of the Socio-Economic Characteristics Model
4.3. Results of the Final Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Category | Factor | Reference | Disasters |
---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | Gender | [3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15] | Cyclone, Hurricane, Natural disasters |
Age | [9,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24] | Hurricane, Nuclear power plant accident | |
Ethnicity | [3,9,11,18,25] | Hurricane | |
Health | [3,9,26] | Hurricane | |
Household size | [9,17] | Nuclear power plant accident, Hurricane | |
Family composition | [3,6,9,12,17,18,26,27,28] | Cyclone, Hurricane, Nuclear power plant accident, Natural disasters, Fire | |
Pet | [3,7,9] | Hurricane, Natural disasters | |
Socio-economic characteristics | Income (Financial condition) | [9,11,19,26,29] | Hurricane |
Education | [9] | Hurricane | |
Job constraint | [17,30] | Nuclear power plant accident, Hurricane | |
Homeownership | [3,8,9,15] | Hurricanes | |
Housing type | [9] | Hurricane | |
Duration of residency | [3,9,31] | Hurricane | |
Experience/Knowledge | Disaster Experience | [1,3,6,31] | Tsunami, Hurricane, Cyclone |
Prior evacuation experience | [2,3,4,13] | Hurricane | |
Evacuation drill experience | [1,32] | Tsunami, Tornado | |
Disaster Awareness/Knowledge | [1,16,17,26,32,33] | Tsunami, Hurricane, Cyclone, Nuclear power plant accident, Tornado |
Factor | Parameter | Respondents (%) (N = 541) |
---|---|---|
Gender | male | 269 (49.7%) |
female | 272 (50.3%) | |
Age | 20 s | 95 (17.6%) |
30 s | 98 (18.1%) | |
40 s | 108 (20.0%) | |
50 s | 111 (20.5%) | |
over 60 | 129 (23.8%) | |
Occupation | student | 39 (7.2%) |
housewife | 100 (18.5%) | |
career man or woman | 297 (54.9%) | |
self-business owner | 61 (11.3%) | |
no job | 15 (2.8%) | |
other | 29 (5.3%) | |
Education attainment | middle school | 9 (1.7%) |
high school | 118 (21.8%) | |
bachelor’s degree | 324 (59.9%) | |
master’s degree | 90(16.6%) | |
Marital status | single | 200 (37.0%) |
married | 337 (62.3%) | |
other | 4 (0.7%) | |
Household income (monthly) | less than 1800 dollars | 73 (13.5%) |
1800–5399 dollars | 305 (56.4%) | |
over 5000 dollars | 163 (30.1%) | |
Homeownership | housing owned | 372 (68.8%) |
Rent (monthly or yearly) | 166 (30.7%) | |
other | 3 (0.6%) | |
Housing type | apartment | 365 (67.5%) |
single-family detached housing | 66 (12.2%) | |
multi-family housing | 106 (19.6%) | |
other | 4 (0.7%) | |
Disaster experience | Yes | 292 (54.0%) |
No | 249 (46.0%) | |
Evacuation drill experience | Yes | 107 (36.6%) |
No | 186 (63.4%) | |
Among people who have disaster experience (N = 292) | ||
Evacuation | Yes | 124 (42.5%) |
Category | Variable | Definition | Expected Effects |
---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | Evacuation | Respondent has evacuated in an emergency caused by a natural disaster in the past | No sign |
Demographic characteristics | Gender | Respondent’s gender: male (+) or female (−) | + |
Age | Respondent’s age range: less than 20, in the 30s, 40s, 50s, and over 60 | − | |
Occupation | Respondent’s occupation including student, housewife, businessman/woman, self-business owner, and having no job, etc. | Case-by-case basis | |
Marital status | Respondent is currently married (+) or not (−) | + | |
Household size | Number of family members in the household | − | |
Family composition | Percent of children (aged less than 12), seniors (aged over 60), or disabled persons who might have trouble moving to escape to a safe place. | Case-by-case basis | |
Socio-economic characteristics | Household income | Based on the proportion of yearly household income in the country, four classes are suggested. Less than 1800 dollars is the lowest option, and over 5400 dollars is the highest option in the questionnaire. | + |
Education | Respondent’s educational level is identified. Middle school, high school, bachelor’s degree, and beyond master’s degree | + | |
Homeownership | Status of respondent’s homeownership. If the respondent lives in his/her own house, homeownership is ‘housing owned’, if he/she is a tenant, homeownership is ‘monthly or yearly rent’ | + | |
Housing type | Housing type in which occupants live such as multi-family housing, single-family detached housing, and apartment | Case-by-case basis | |
Experience/ Knowledge | Evacuation drill experience | Respondent’s experience in participating in an evacuation drill or program related to natural disasters | + |
Location of shelter | Respondent’s knowledge about the route to or location of the shelter | + |
Description | Model1 | Model2 | Model3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeffi. | Odd Ratio | Coeffi. | Odd Ratio | Coeffi. | Odd Ratio | |
Demographic characteristics | ||||||
Less than 30 years | −0.552 ** | 0.576 | −0.0988 ** | 0.372 | ||
(0.277) | (0.339) | |||||
Over 60 years | −0.481 | 0.618 | −0.588 | 0.555 | ||
(0.362) | (0.425) | |||||
Married | 0.301 | 1.351 | 0.275 | 1.317 | ||
(0.256) | (0.303) | |||||
Household size over 3 | 0.535 * | 1.708 | 0.244 | 1.277 | ||
(0.290) | (0.363) | |||||
At least one child in the family | 0.196 | 1.217 | 0.050 | 1.051 | ||
(0.304) | (0.353) | |||||
At least one senior in the family | −0.326 | 0.722 | −0.308 | 0.735 | ||
(0.348) | (0.435) | |||||
Socio-economic characteristics | ||||||
Equal to or lower than high school graduate | −0.463 | 0.629 | −0.327 | 0.721 | ||
(0.333) | (0.382) | |||||
Less than 1800 dollars per month | −0.891 * | 0.410 | −1.610 ** | 0.200 | ||
(0.535) | (0.691) | |||||
Household income is over 5400 dollars per month | 0.542 ** | 1.719 | 0.541 * | 1.718 | ||
(0.264) | (0.311) | |||||
Rent (monthly or yearly) | −0.360 | 0.698 | −0.363 | 0.695 | ||
(0.285) | (0.340) | |||||
Single-family detached house | −0.463 | 0.630 | −0.400 | 0.670 | ||
(0.376) | (0.471) | |||||
Multi-family house | 0.580 * | 1.787 | 0.980 ** | 2.663 | ||
(0.346) | (0.425) | |||||
Experience/Knowledge | ||||||
Evacuation drill experience | 1.747 *** | 5.739 | ||||
(0.301) | ||||||
Knowledge of location of the shelter | 1.405 *** | 4.076 | ||||
(0.393) | ||||||
Constant | −0.521 | 0.594 | −0.264 | 0.768 | −1.447 | 0.342 |
(0.348) | (0.201) | (0.48) | ||||
Number of Observation | 292 | 292 | 292 | |||
Nagelkerke R-square | 0.066 | 0.085 | 0.367 | |||
Likelihood ratio | 383.377 | 379.128 | 304.938 | |||
χ2 test | 0.022 | 0.004 | 9.3 × 10−14 |
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Lee, D.; Yoon, S.; Park, E.-S.; Kim, Y.; Yoon, D.K. Factors Contributing to Disaster Evacuation: The Case of South Korea. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103818
Lee D, Yoon S, Park E-S, Kim Y, Yoon DK. Factors Contributing to Disaster Evacuation: The Case of South Korea. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103818
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Dongkwan, Soyeon Yoon, Eun-Seon Park, Yuseung Kim, and D.K. Yoon. 2018. "Factors Contributing to Disaster Evacuation: The Case of South Korea" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103818
APA StyleLee, D., Yoon, S., Park, E.-S., Kim, Y., & Yoon, D. K. (2018). Factors Contributing to Disaster Evacuation: The Case of South Korea. Sustainability, 10(10), 3818. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103818