Effects of Multifunctional Rural Land Use on Residents’ Wellbeing: Evidence from the Xinzhou District of Wuhan City, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analytical Framework and Hypothesis
3. Empirical Model and Methods
3.1. Econometric Model
3.2. Variable Definition and Measurement
4. Study Area and Data
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Data
5. Results
5.1. Changes of Multifunctional Rural Land Use
5.2. Econometric Results
5.3. Threshold for Multifunctional Rural Land Use
6. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable | VIF | 1/VIF |
---|---|---|
The multifunctional use level of Rural Land (MRLU) is represented by the Shannon index | ||
AGE | 1.29 | 0.7735 |
NEIGH | 1.28 | 0.7837 |
ENVIR | 1.27 | 0.7867 |
HEALT | 1.21 | 0.8263 |
EDUCA | 1.16 | 0.8621 |
SUBGO | 1.12 | 0.8961 |
GEND | 1.11 | 0.9049 |
ln(INCOM) | 1.06 | 0.9401 |
HOUSE | 1.05 | 0.9516 |
MRLU | 1.04 | 0.9615 |
Average VIF | 1.16 | |
The multifunctional use level of Rural Land (MRLU) is represented by the Simpson Reciprocal Index | ||
AGE | 1.30 | 0.7721 |
ENVIR | 1.28 | 0.7842 |
NEIGH | 1.27 | 0.7889 |
HEALT | 1.21 | 0.8262 |
EDUCA | 1.16 | 0.8625 |
SUBGO | 1.12 | 0.8907 |
GEND | 1.10 | 0.9051 |
ln(INCOM) | 1.07 | 0.9390 |
HOUSE | 1.05 | 0.9518 |
MRLU | 1.04 | 0.9659 |
Average VIF | 1.16 |
MRLU | GEND | AGE | HEALT | EDUCA | SUBGO | ln(INCOM) | NEIGH | HOUSE | ENVIR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The multifunctional use level of Rural Land (MRLU) is represented by the Shannon index | ||||||||||
MRLU | 1.0000 | |||||||||
GEND | −0.0662 | 1.0000 | ||||||||
AGE | 0.0070 | 0.1631 | 1.0000 | |||||||
HEALT | 0.0425 | −0.0773 | −0.3164 | 1.0000 | ||||||
EDUCA | 0.0686 | 0.1859 | −0.2460 | 0.1401 | 1.0000 | |||||
SUBGO | −0.0884 | 0.0452 | 0.1054 | 0.0513 | −0.0180 | 1.0000 | ||||
ln(INCOM) | 0.1201 | −0.0001 | −0.0157 | 0.1105 | 0.1131 | 0.0763 | 1.0000 | |||
NEIGH | −0.0502 | −0.0426 | 0.0318 | 0.1954 | −0.0017 | 0.2539 | 0.0261 | 1.0000 | ||
HOUSE | 0.0353 | −0.0269 | −0.1396 | 0.0248 | 0.0970 | 0.0113 | 0.1438 | 0.0446 | 1.0000 | |
ENVIR | −0.0369 | 0.0554 | 0.1261 | 0.1525 | 0.0314 | 0.2349 | 0.0517 | 0.4072 | 0.0354 | 1.0000 |
The multifunctional use level of Rural Land (MRLU) is represented by the Simpson Reciprocal Index | ||||||||||
MRLU | 1.0000 | |||||||||
GEND | −0.0675 | 1.0000 | ||||||||
AGE | −0.0019 | 0.1631 | 1.0000 | |||||||
HEALT | 0.0465 | −0.0773 | −0.3164 | 1.0000 | ||||||
EDUCA | 0.0659 | 0.1859 | −0.2460 | 0.1401 | 1.0000 | |||||
SUBGO | −0.0915 | 0.0484 | 0.1228 | 0.0443 | −0.0129 | 1.0000 | ||||
ln(INCOM) | 0.0998 | −0.0001 | −0.0157 | 0.1105 | 0.1131 | 0.1046 | 1.0000 | |||
NEIGH | −0.0500 | −0.0426 | 0.0318 | 0.1954 | −0.0017 | 0.2391 | 0.0261 | 1.0000 | ||
HOUSE | 0.0115 | −0.0269 | −0.1396 | 0.0248 | 0.0970 | 0.0285 | 0.1438 | 0.0446 | 1.0000 | |
ENVIR | −0.0371 | 0.0554 | 0.1261 | 0.1525 | 0.0314 | 0.2431 | 0.0517 | 0.4072 | 0.0354 | 1.0000 |
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Variable | Variable Definition | Expected Direction |
---|---|---|
LS | Life satisfaction is divided into very satisfied, satisfied, general, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied, coded 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 | |
MRLU | Multifunctional rural land use: the Shannon Index and the Simpson Reciprocal Index in the forum (3) and (4) | +/− |
GEND | Male = 1, female = 0 | +/− |
AGE | Ages < 16, (16, 25), (26, 35), (36, 45), (46, 55), > 56 coded 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | +/− |
HEALT | Individual health status is divided in to five grades: very healthy, relatively healthy, average, poor, and very poor, coded 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 | + |
EDUCA | Education is divided in to five grades: Illiterate or semi-literate, elementary school, junior high school, high school (secondary school), college or above, coded 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 | + |
SUBGO | Trust in sub-government: Measured by satisfaction of policy implementation, very satisfied, satisfied, general, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied, coded 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 | + |
INCOM | Annual average household disposable income (yuan) | + |
NEIGH | Satisfaction of neighborhood status, and it is divided into five grades: very satisfied, satisfied, general, dissatisfied, and very dissatisfied, coded 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 | + |
HOUSE | Total family housing area (m2) | + |
ENVIR | Surrounding natural environment satisfaction is divided into five grades: very satisfied, satisfied, general, dissatisfied, very dissatisfied, coded 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. | + |
Variable | H0 | SRI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
MRLU | 17.8443 *** | 15.9266 *** | 16.5829 *** | 15.8023 *** | 14.1836 *** | 15.2838 *** |
(2.7904) | (2.8108) | (2.8708) | (2.5509) | (2.5768) | (2.6492) | |
MRLU-squared | −13.6782 *** | −12.2942 *** | −12.5899 *** | −4.5370 *** | −4.0956 *** | −4.3695 *** |
(2.3415) | (2.3588) | (2.4020) | (0.7595) | (0.7674) | (0.7876) | |
GEND | −0.3051 ** | −0.3230 ** | ||||
(0.1375) | (0.1374) | |||||
AGE | −1.8732 *** | −1.8348 *** | ||||
(0.5245) | (0.5211) | |||||
AGE-squared | 0.2328 *** | 0.2257 *** | ||||
(0.0567) | (0.0564) | |||||
HEALT | 0.1879 ** | 0.1897 ** | ||||
(0.0739) | (0.0738) | |||||
EDUCA | 0.2262 ** | 0.2379 *** | ||||
(0.0894) | (0.0896) | |||||
SUBGO | 0.1177 * | 0.2156 *** | ||||
(0.0624) | (0.0638) | |||||
ln(INCOM) | 0.5910 *** | 0.5278 *** | 0.6107 *** | 0.5278 *** | ||
(0.0852) | (0.0861) | (0.0851) | (0.0861) | |||
NEIGH | 0.2696 *** | 0.2370 *** | ||||
(0.0896) | (0.0894) | |||||
HOUSE | 0.0019 ** | 0.0019 ** | ||||
(0.0009) | (0.0009) | |||||
ENVIR | 0.5042 *** | 0.5126 *** | ||||
(0.0952) | (0.0955) | |||||
pseudo R2 | 0.0247 | 0.0457 | 0.1026 | 0.0194 | 0.0419 | 0.1024 |
log likelihood | −1143.9565 | −1119.3837 | −1052.5792 | −1150.1505 | −1123.8061 | −1052.8158 |
sample size | 805 | 805 | 805 | 805 | 805 | 805 |
H0 | SRI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Ordered Probit | OLS | Ordered Probit | OLS | |
MRLU | 10.0706 *** | 8.9197 *** | 8.8277 *** | 7.7938 *** |
(1.6628) | (1.4470) | (1.5265) | (1.3338) | |
MRLU-squared | −7.6914 *** | −6.8101 *** | −2.5324 *** | −2.2343 *** |
(1.3949) | (1.2161) | (0.4554) | (0.3982) | |
Controlled variable | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled | Controlled |
pseudo R2 | 0.1014 | 0.0997 | ||
log likelihood | −1054.0237 | −1055.9946 | ||
F | 23.24 | 22.72 | ||
R2 | 0.2604 | 0.2561 | ||
sample size | 805 | 805 | 805 | 805 |
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Hu, W.; Zhang, S.; Song, Y.; Liu, T.; Lin, Y.; Zhang, A. Effects of Multifunctional Rural Land Use on Residents’ Wellbeing: Evidence from the Xinzhou District of Wuhan City, China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103787
Hu W, Zhang S, Song Y, Liu T, Lin Y, Zhang A. Effects of Multifunctional Rural Land Use on Residents’ Wellbeing: Evidence from the Xinzhou District of Wuhan City, China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103787
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Weiyan, Siyu Zhang, Yan Song, Tian Liu, Yingchao Lin, and Anlu Zhang. 2018. "Effects of Multifunctional Rural Land Use on Residents’ Wellbeing: Evidence from the Xinzhou District of Wuhan City, China" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103787