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Article

Time of Application of Desiccant Herbicides Affects Photosynthetic Pigments, Physiological Indicators, and the Quality of Cowpea Seeds

by
Ester dos Santos Coêlho
1,
João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro
1,*,
Welder de Araújo Rangel Lopes
1,
Anna Kézia Soares de Oliveira
1,
Pablo Henrique de Almeida Oliveira
1,
Gisele Lopes dos Santos
1,
Ewerton da Silva Barbosa
2,
Valécia Nogueira Santos e Silva
1,
Hamurábi Anizio Lins
1,
Clarisse Pereira Benedito
1,
Lindomar Maria da Silveira
1,
Antonio Cesar de Araujo Filho
1,
Daniel Valadão Silva
1 and
Aurélio Paes Barros Júnior
1
1
Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, Mossoró 59625-900, Brazil
2
Agricultural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Xenobiotics 2024, 14(3), 1312-1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030074
Submission received: 17 August 2024 / Revised: 10 September 2024 / Accepted: 17 September 2024 / Published: 19 September 2024
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Abstract

Chemical desiccation is widely used in agriculture to anticipate harvest and mitigate the effects of adverse environmental conditions. It is applied to both grains and seeds. Although this practice is widely used, there are still significant gaps in understanding the effects of different herbicide application times on seed quality and plant physiological responses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different herbicide application times on cowpea, focusing on seed quality, physiological responses, and biochemical composition, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, sugars, and proline, under nocturnal desiccation. In the first experiment, eight herbicides and two mixtures were applied at night: diquat, flumioxazin, diquat + flumioxazin, glufosinate ammonium, saflufenacil, carfentrazone, diquat + carfentrazone, atrazine, and glyphosate. All of the tested herbicides caused a reduction in normal seedling formation, with the diquat + carfentrazone combination resulting in 100% abnormal seedlings. A significant decrease in chlorophyll levels (chlorophyll a: 63.5%, chlorophyll b: 50.2%) was observed using diquat, which indicates damage to photosynthetic processes, while the carotenoid content increased. Total soluble sugars and proline were also negatively impacted, reflecting physiological stress and metabolic changes in seedlings. In the second experiment, three application times were tested with diquat, diquat + flumioxazin, and diquat + carfentrazone. Nocturnal application showed the most significant reduction in chlorophyll levels and increased carotenoid levels. Application at noon and late afternoon also significantly changed the soluble sugar and proline levels. These results indicate that the herbicide application time directly influences the seeds’ physiological quality.
Keywords: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.; physiological quality; germination; toxicity Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.; physiological quality; germination; toxicity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Coêlho, E.d.S.; Ribeiro, J.E.d.S.; Lopes, W.d.A.R.; Oliveira, A.K.S.d.; Oliveira, P.H.d.A.; Santos, G.L.d.; Barbosa, E.d.S.; Silva, V.N.S.e.; Lins, H.A.; Benedito, C.P.; et al. Time of Application of Desiccant Herbicides Affects Photosynthetic Pigments, Physiological Indicators, and the Quality of Cowpea Seeds. J. Xenobiotics 2024, 14, 1312-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030074

AMA Style

Coêlho EdS, Ribeiro JEdS, Lopes WdAR, Oliveira AKSd, Oliveira PHdA, Santos GLd, Barbosa EdS, Silva VNSe, Lins HA, Benedito CP, et al. Time of Application of Desiccant Herbicides Affects Photosynthetic Pigments, Physiological Indicators, and the Quality of Cowpea Seeds. Journal of Xenobiotics. 2024; 14(3):1312-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030074

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coêlho, Ester dos Santos, João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro, Welder de Araújo Rangel Lopes, Anna Kézia Soares de Oliveira, Pablo Henrique de Almeida Oliveira, Gisele Lopes dos Santos, Ewerton da Silva Barbosa, Valécia Nogueira Santos e Silva, Hamurábi Anizio Lins, Clarisse Pereira Benedito, and et al. 2024. "Time of Application of Desiccant Herbicides Affects Photosynthetic Pigments, Physiological Indicators, and the Quality of Cowpea Seeds" Journal of Xenobiotics 14, no. 3: 1312-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030074

APA Style

Coêlho, E. d. S., Ribeiro, J. E. d. S., Lopes, W. d. A. R., Oliveira, A. K. S. d., Oliveira, P. H. d. A., Santos, G. L. d., Barbosa, E. d. S., Silva, V. N. S. e., Lins, H. A., Benedito, C. P., Silveira, L. M. d., Araujo Filho, A. C. d., Silva, D. V., & Barros Júnior, A. P. (2024). Time of Application of Desiccant Herbicides Affects Photosynthetic Pigments, Physiological Indicators, and the Quality of Cowpea Seeds. Journal of Xenobiotics, 14(3), 1312-1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox14030074

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