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Volume 17
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10.3390/hematolrep17030027
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Article

Racial Inequities Influencing Admission, Disposition and Hospital Outcomes for Sickle Cell Anemia Patients: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample Database

by
Jayalekshmi Jayakumar
1,*,
Nikhil Vojjala
2,
Manasa Ginjupalli
1,
Fiqe Khan
1,
Meher Ayyazuddin
3,
Davin Turku
1,
Kalaivani Babu
4,
Srinishant Rajarajan
4,
Charmi Bhanushali
5,
Tijin Ann Mathew
6,
Poornima Ramadas
7 and
Geeta Krishnamoorty
2
1
The Brooklyn Hospital Centre, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
2
Trinity Health Oakland, Detroit, MI 48341, USA
3
CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore 54810, Punjab, Pakistan
4
Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
5
Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
6
Southeast Health, Dothan, AL 36301, USA
7
LSU Health Shreveport, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(3), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030027
Submission received: 15 March 2025 / Revised: 27 April 2025 / Accepted: 6 May 2025 / Published: 9 May 2025
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Abstract

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) significantly impacts diverse racial groups, particularly African American and Hispanic persons, who experience notable disparities in healthcare outcomes. Despite the extensive literature on SCD, studies focusing on in-hospital racial inequities remain limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016 to 2020, identifying adult hospitalizations for SCD (HbSS genotype). Hospitalizations were categorized by race—White, African American, Hispanic, and other, and analyzed for demographic variables, admission types, disposition outcomes, and complications. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for confounders. Results: Of the 1,089,270 identified hospitalizations, 90.31% were African American. African American and Hispanic patients exhibited significantly higher non-elective admissions compared to Whites (77.81%). In-hospital mortality was highest among Hispanics (0.82%). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that African Americans and others had higher odds of prolonged hospital stays (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.30 and 1.20, respectively). African Americans and Hispanics also had increased risks of in-hospital complications of SCD. Conclusions: This study highlights substantial racial disparities in SCD hospitalizations, with African Americans and Hispanics facing poorer outcomes compared to Whites. Hispanics also demonstrated increased mortality. These findings underscore the need for targeted healthcare interventions to address racial inequities in SCD management and improve outcomes for all affected populations.
Keywords: sickle cell; racial sickle cell; racial inequities; sickle cell anemia sickle cell; racial sickle cell; racial inequities; sickle cell anemia

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MDPI and ACS Style

Jayakumar, J.; Vojjala, N.; Ginjupalli, M.; Khan, F.; Ayyazuddin, M.; Turku, D.; Babu, K.; Rajarajan, S.; Bhanushali, C.; Mathew, T.A.; et al. Racial Inequities Influencing Admission, Disposition and Hospital Outcomes for Sickle Cell Anemia Patients: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample Database. Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030027

AMA Style

Jayakumar J, Vojjala N, Ginjupalli M, Khan F, Ayyazuddin M, Turku D, Babu K, Rajarajan S, Bhanushali C, Mathew TA, et al. Racial Inequities Influencing Admission, Disposition and Hospital Outcomes for Sickle Cell Anemia Patients: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample Database. Hematology Reports. 2025; 17(3):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030027

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jayakumar, Jayalekshmi, Nikhil Vojjala, Manasa Ginjupalli, Fiqe Khan, Meher Ayyazuddin, Davin Turku, Kalaivani Babu, Srinishant Rajarajan, Charmi Bhanushali, Tijin Ann Mathew, and et al. 2025. "Racial Inequities Influencing Admission, Disposition and Hospital Outcomes for Sickle Cell Anemia Patients: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample Database" Hematology Reports 17, no. 3: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030027

APA Style

Jayakumar, J., Vojjala, N., Ginjupalli, M., Khan, F., Ayyazuddin, M., Turku, D., Babu, K., Rajarajan, S., Bhanushali, C., Mathew, T. A., Ramadas, P., & Krishnamoorty, G. (2025). Racial Inequities Influencing Admission, Disposition and Hospital Outcomes for Sickle Cell Anemia Patients: Insights from the National Inpatient Sample Database. Hematology Reports, 17(3), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17030027

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