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Article

Development of Salt and Drought Tolerance Classification in the Kazakhstan Cotton Collection Using Optimal Phenotypic Traits

by
Aisulu Orken
1,2,
Nurbek Zhumabay
1,3,
Nazerke Amangeldyeva
2,
Malika Ramazanova
1,
Sabir Makhmadjanov
4,
Laura Tokhetova
4,
Shuga Manabayeva
1,2,3 and
Dilnur Tussipkan
1,*
1
Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, National Center for Biotechnology, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
2
General Biology and Genomics Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
3
Institute of Veterinary and Agrotechnology, West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University Named After Zhangir Khan, Oral 090009, Kazakhstan
4
Department of Transfer and Adaptation of Crop Varieties, Agricultural Experimental Station of Cotton and Melon Growing, Atakent 160525, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17(8), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17080065
Submission received: 23 May 2026 / Revised: 17 July 2026 / Accepted: 21 July 2026 / Published: 28 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)
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Abstract

In arid and semi-arid regions, salinity and drought limit cotton productivity. As the northernmost cotton-growing country, Kazakhstan often deals with these issues. The objective of this study was to classify salt- and drought-tolerant groups within the Kazakhstan cotton collection based on key phenotypic traits. Fifty-six Gossypium hirsutum genotypes were evaluated under controlled conditions using NaCl and PEG-6000. Six morphophysiological traits, including germination rate, plant height, fresh weight, root dry weight, and relative water content, were analyzed. Increasing NaCl and PEG levels reduced vegetative growth, while germination remained relatively stable under moderate stress. Regression analysis identified 200 mM NaCl as the optimal salinity level for salt tolerance and 20–30% PEG as the optimal level for drought tolerance. Cluster analysis using membership function values grouped the genotypes into five tolerance categories. Eight lines including M-4016-6, M-4031-8, M-4014-6, M-4029-9, M-4016-7, M-4016-8, M-4020-2, and M-4016-4 exhibited high tolerance to both stresses. Additional lines exhibited combined tolerance, indicating strong breeding potential. Principal component analysis revealed an inverse relationship between salt and drought tolerance, suggesting stress-specific adaptation. This study is the first to report on the development of a classification system for salt and drought tolerance in the Kazakhstan Cotton Collection. The results demonstrate substantial genetic variability and highlight the potential for developing cotton cultivars adapted environments prone to stress.
Keywords: cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.); salinity stress; drought stress; morphophysiological traits; classification; advanced lines cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.); salinity stress; drought stress; morphophysiological traits; classification; advanced lines

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MDPI and ACS Style

Orken, A.; Zhumabay, N.; Amangeldyeva, N.; Ramazanova, M.; Makhmadjanov, S.; Tokhetova, L.; Manabayeva, S.; Tussipkan, D. Development of Salt and Drought Tolerance Classification in the Kazakhstan Cotton Collection Using Optimal Phenotypic Traits. Int. J. Plant Biol. 2026, 17, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17080065

AMA Style

Orken A, Zhumabay N, Amangeldyeva N, Ramazanova M, Makhmadjanov S, Tokhetova L, Manabayeva S, Tussipkan D. Development of Salt and Drought Tolerance Classification in the Kazakhstan Cotton Collection Using Optimal Phenotypic Traits. International Journal of Plant Biology. 2026; 17(8):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17080065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Orken, Aisulu, Nurbek Zhumabay, Nazerke Amangeldyeva, Malika Ramazanova, Sabir Makhmadjanov, Laura Tokhetova, Shuga Manabayeva, and Dilnur Tussipkan. 2026. "Development of Salt and Drought Tolerance Classification in the Kazakhstan Cotton Collection Using Optimal Phenotypic Traits" International Journal of Plant Biology 17, no. 8: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17080065

APA Style

Orken, A., Zhumabay, N., Amangeldyeva, N., Ramazanova, M., Makhmadjanov, S., Tokhetova, L., Manabayeva, S., & Tussipkan, D. (2026). Development of Salt and Drought Tolerance Classification in the Kazakhstan Cotton Collection Using Optimal Phenotypic Traits. International Journal of Plant Biology, 17(8), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb17080065

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