Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Single-Phase and Three-Phase PM Machines
2.1. Single-Phase
2.2. Three-Phase
2.3. Summary
3. Stator Structures and Winding Configurations
3.1. Stator Structure
3.1.1. Slotted
6-slot/4-pole
6-slot/2-pole
3-slot/2-pole
Optimal Design of Slotted Machines
3.1.2. Slotless
3.1.3. Summary of Stator Structures
3.2. Winding Configuration
3.2.1. Overlapping Winding
Slotted Machine
Slotless Machine
3.2.2. Non-Overlapping Winding
Slotted Machine
Slotless Machine
3.2.3. Summary of Winding Configurations
- For high-power multi-slot HSPM machines, overlapping winding and toroidal non-overlapping winding are employed. The main difference between two winding configurations is the end-winding axial length;
- For low-power minimal-slot HSPM machines, the concentrated non-overlapping winding is a dominant winding configuration due to short end-winding axial length. Although it has a short end-winding axial length, the toroidal winding needs additional volume radially for the outside windings. These also produce eddy current losses in the frame.
- For slotless HSPM machines, both overlapping and non-overlapping windings are employed. Full-pitched overlapping windings with the largest winding factor can offer the maximum output torque; however, they have the longest end-winding axial length, while the short-pitched overlapping winding with a relatively small winding factor not only decreases the rotor losses but also improves the rotor mechanical stiffness.
- The toroidal non-overlapping winding with short end-winding axial length and the simple winding process is popular for slotless stator applications.
- The skewed slotless winding, i.e., helical, rhombic, and diamond windings, with compact structure, self-support construction, and no end-winding, is an attractive solution for slotless HSPM machines. However, the non-idealized skewed current direction leads to undesirable torque and force. In addition, the skewed slotless winding needs a 3D model to analyse and requires a special manufacturing process.
4. Rotor Structure
4.1. IPM
4.2. SPM
4.2.1. Sleeve Design
4.2.2. Pole Arc to Pole Pitch
4.3. Solid PM
4.3.1. Solid PM with Sleeve
4.3.2. Solid PM with Hollow Shaft
4.4. Summary
5. Parasitic Effect
5.1. Stator Iron Loss
5.2. AC Copper Loss
5.3. Rotor Eddy Current Loss
5.4. Windage Loss
5.5. Rotor Dynamic and Vibration
5.6. Thermal Aspect
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Reference | Power (kW) | Speed (krpm) | Slot/Pole | Winding | Rotor | Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[30] | 2000 | 20 | 48s/8p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | - |
[120] | 1120 | 18 | 27s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Pump Drive |
[46] | 1120 | 18 | 27s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Compressor |
[146] | 800 | 2.5 | 24s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Prototype |
[48] | 400 | 10 | 48s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Prototype |
[147] | 300 | 13.3 | 12s/14p | Concentrated | IPM | Aircraft Gas Turbine |
[119] | 200 | 40 | 24s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | - |
[148] | 150 | 24 | 24s/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Turbo Blowers |
[32] | 150 | 17 | 36s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Prototype |
[84] | 140 | 24 | 24s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM/Spoke-IPM | - |
[149] | 124 | 36 | 24s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Generator |
[114] | 117 | 60 | 36s/2p | Toroidal | SPM | Micro Gas Turbine |
[34] | 117 | 60 | 36s/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Prototype |
[28] | 100 | 500 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Mesoscale Gas Turbines |
[33] | 100 | 50 | 36s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Turbo Generator |
[85] | 100 | 32 | 24s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Centrifugal Air Blower |
[150] | 82 | 12.5 | 24s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Centrifugal Pump |
[35] | 75 | 36 | 24s/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Prototype |
[123] | 57 | 30 | 6s/4p | Concentrated | SPM/Inset-PM | Pumps, Compressors, Blower |
[110] | 50 | 100 | Slotless/2p | Concentrated/Toroidal/Skewed | Solid PM | - |
[42] | 50 | 70 | 12s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Centrifugal Turbo-Compressors |
[87] | 40 | 40 | 36s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Prototype |
[115] | 40 | 30 | 18s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Light Duty Electric Vehicle |
[38] | 30 | 96 | 18s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Prototype |
[88] | 30 | 20 | 36s/6p | Overlapping (5/6 short-pitched) | IPM | Compressor |
[39] | 25 | 30 | 18s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Prototype |
[121] | 22 | 120 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Prototype |
[40] | 20 | 26 | 18s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Electric Vehicle |
[125] | 15.7 | 125 | 12s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | IPM | Prototypes |
[63] | 15 | 150 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | EAT |
[63] | 15 | 150 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | SPM | EAT |
[43] | 15 | 120 | 12S/2P | Overlapping (5/6 short-pitched) | Solid PM | Air Blower |
[36] | 15 | 30 | 24s/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Prototype |
[151] | 15 | 120 | 12s/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM/SPM | Gas Compressor |
[47] | 11.8 | 15 | 36s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | IPM | - |
[112] | 11 | 50 | 36s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | IPM | Spindle Machine Tool |
[61] | 11 | 31.2 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | Solid PM | Generator |
[41] | 10 | 70 | 18s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Electric-turbo |
[116] | 10 | 70 | 12s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Prototype |
[89] | 7.5 | 30 | 24s/2p | Overlapping (4/6 short-pitched) | SPM | - |
[91] | 5 | 240 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | - |
[24] | 5 | 240 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Electrical Drive System |
[64] | 4 | 150 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Electric Turbocharger |
[50] | 4 | 75 | 6s/4p | Concentrated | SPM | - |
[50] | 4 | 75 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | SPM | - |
[98] | 3.7 | 240 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | SPM | Gas-turbine Generator |
[61] | 3.5 | 45 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | Solid PM | Gas Blower |
[86] | 3 | 150 | 24s/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | Solid PM | Prototype |
[15] | 3 | 150 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | - |
[44] | 3 | 100 | 12S/2P | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Electric Turbocharger |
[62] | 3 | 80 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Compressor |
[49] | 3 | 80 | 6s/4p | Concentrated | SPM | Prototype |
[52] | 2.5 | 100 | 6s/2p,4p | Concentrated | SPM | Prototype |
[83] | 2 | 200 | Slotless/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | Solid PM | Prototype |
[29] | 2 | 200 | Slotless/2p | Overlapping (15/18 short-pitched) | Hollow shaft | Cryogenic |
[53] | 2 | 120 | 6s-3s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Turbocharger |
[56] | 1.5 | 150 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Automotive Supercharger |
[76] | 1.5 | 60 | 3s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Spindle Machine Tool |
[152] | 1.5 | 20 | slotless/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Flywheel |
[23] | 1.5 | 18 | 36s/4p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | IPM | Prototype |
[103] | 1.5 | 12 | 3s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Small Urban-Type Vehicle |
[67] | 1.3 | 120 | 3s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Prototype |
[1] | 1.3 | 20 | Slotless/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Friction Welding Unit |
[21] | 1.3 | 20 | 3s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Electric Drives |
[69] | 1 | 40 | 3s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Hand-tool |
[69] | 1 | 40 | Slotless/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Hand-tool |
[37] | 0.75 | 60 | 24s/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Prototype |
[45] | 0.5 | 100 | 12s/4p; 2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Miniature Turbojet |
[60] | 0.4 | 200 | 6s/2p | Concentrated | Solid PM | Micro Turbine Generator (MTG) |
[31] | 0.15 | 1200 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Prototype |
[98] | 0.15 | 200 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | SPM | Micro-milling Spindle |
[80] | 0.1 | 500 | Slotless/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Micro Gas Turbines |
[79] | 0.1 | 500 | Slotless/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | Solid PM | Prototype |
[1] | 0.05 | 150 | 3s/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Hand-tool |
[80] | 0.04 | 400 | Slotless/2p | Concentrated | SPM | Micro Gas Turbines |
[98] | 0.03 | 90 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | SPM | Air Compressor |
[26] | 0.01 | 150 | 3s/2p | Concentrated | Solid PM | Hand-tool |
[82] | 160 | Slotless/2p | Toroidal | Solid PM | Electrical Drive Systems | |
[94] | 40 | Slotless/2p | Overlapping (Full-pitched) | SPM | Hand-tool |
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Advantages | Disadvantages | |
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Single-phase PM machine |
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Three-phase PM machine |
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Slotted | Slotless | |
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Application |
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Advantages |
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Disadvantages |
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Overlapping | Non-Overlapping | ||||
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Full-Pitched | Short-Pitched | Concentrated | Toroidal | Skewed | |
Applications | Multi-slot; Slotless | Multi-slot; Slotless | Multi-slot; Minimal-slot; Slotless | Multi-slot; Minimal-slot; Slotless | Slotless |
Advantages |
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Disadvantages |
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IPM | SPM | Solid PM | |
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Application |
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Advantages |
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Disadvantages |
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He, T.; Zhu, Z.; Eastham, F.; Wang, Y.; Bin, H.; Wu, D.; Gong, L.; Chen, J. Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications. World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13, 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010018
He T, Zhu Z, Eastham F, Wang Y, Bin H, Wu D, Gong L, Chen J. Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2022; 13(1):18. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010018
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Tianran, Ziqiang Zhu, Fred Eastham, Yu Wang, Hong Bin, Di Wu, Liming Gong, and Jintao Chen. 2022. "Permanent Magnet Machines for High-Speed Applications" World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010018