Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Information Security
2.2. Security Risks in Smart Cities
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
“PANTHEON will design and develop a Community based Digital Ecosystem for Disaster Resilience utilizing Smart City Digital Twin (SCDT) technology and leveraging new and emerging technologies and innovations to improve risk assessment, reduce vulnerability, and building community disaster resilience.”(PANTHEON)
“Clean Aviation’s ambition to go over decisive impactful steps in demonstrated disruptive aircraft performance compatible with 2035 EIS will only be possible if the future regulatory framework is not an impediment to innovation.”(CONCERTO)
“Changes in climate extremes (e.g., heatwaves, floods and drought) require new breeding technologies to allow farmers to achieve high yields with climate-robust crops.”(3P-Tec)
“Future adopters will benefit from a DSS tool, supported by a capacity building programme, that offers the ideal mix of best technical solutions, optimal financing schemes and engagement tools and social innovation practice.”(EHHUR)
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Project | Start Date | End Date | Goal |
---|---|---|---|
3P-Tec | 1 July 2022 | 31 October 2025 | Evolving three-parent technology to improve crops and seed varieties. |
ACHILLEUS | 1 November 2022 | 31 October 2025 | Develop a new phenotypic drug discovery platform for targeting cancer stem cell signaling. |
ALLEGRO | 1 January 2023 | 30 June 2026 | Turning the future innovative, safe and low-energy optical networks. |
ARTRIGEL | 1 March 2022 | 29 February 2024 | Provide a new innovative injectable treatment for osteoarthritis. |
ASCEND | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2027 | Building cities healthier and climate neutral. |
B-BRIGHTER | 1 October 2022 | 31 March 2025 | A novel top-down lithography approach to bioprinting will overcome current challenges. |
BoSS | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Demonstrate and archive solutions for climate neutrality with a particular focus on coastal cities as an interface to healthy seas, ocean, and water bodies. |
CLIMABOROUGH | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2026 | Supporting cities to take up the carbon-neutral challenge. |
CODECO | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Privacy-preserving and innovative edge-cloud management framework. |
CONCERTO | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2026 | Safer and greener skies for EU air travel. |
CONNECTINGHEALTH | 15 June 2022 | 14 June 2024 | Promoting innovative ecosystems in digital health. |
CULTUURCAMPUS | 1 October 2022 | 31 December 2025 | Shaping a better future for Rotterdam South. |
DECICE | 1 December 2022 | 30 November 2025 | An open and portable management framework with smart scheduling. |
DESIRE | 1 October 2022 | 30 September 2024 | Creation of an alternative way forward for the built environment supporting the EU mission of “100 climate-neutral and smart cities”. |
DiaDEM | 1 May 2022 | 30 April 2025 | Provide a digital discovery platform for organic electronics materials. |
E.T.PACK-F | 1 September 2022 | 28 February 2025 | Provide a ready-to-fly deorbit device based on electrodynamic tether technology. |
Ebeam4therapy | 1 August 2022 | 31 July 2025 | A compact device for effective delivery of radiotherapy. |
EDGELESS | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Developing groundbreaking serverless computing technology. |
EHHUR | 1 October 2022 | 30 September 2025 | A sustainable, inclusive, and aesthetically beautiful urban revolution. |
ENGINEER | 1 October 2022 | 30 September 2025 | Provide a cultural heritage at the heart of development in Cyprus. |
EV4EU | 1 June 2022 | 30 November 2025 | Vehicle-to-everything strategies facilitate mass uptake of electric vehicles. |
EXTRACT | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Optimization and improvement of extreme data mining. |
FIBREX | 1 August 2022 | 31 May 2024 | RNA therapeutics for prevention of heart failure. |
FOR-FREIGHT | 1 September 2022 | 31 December 2025 | Green, cost-efficient, and adaptable multimodal freight transport. |
GA-VAX | 1 June 2022 | 31 January 2025 | A vaccine against Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). |
GoodMobility | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2027 | A new logistics approach to urban goods mobility. |
HYPERIA | 1 September 2022 | 31 August 2024 | High-sensitivity camera sees across the visible and infrared light spectrum. |
INCYPROnext | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2025 | Innovative protein stabilization solution for biotechnological and biomedical applications. |
INSPIRE | 1 April 2022 | 31 March 2024 | En route to the first programmable integrated photonics circuits. |
L2D2 | 1 October 2022 | 30 September 2025 | Optimizing and standardizing 2D material growth and wafer-scale integration. |
LEAF | 1 March 2022 | 31 October 2023 | Making science accessible and fun for everyone. |
LUCERO-BIO | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Innovative 3D cell-culture handling platform for preclinical drug screening. |
MobiSpaces | 1 September 2022 | 31 August 2025 | Moving towards mobility-optimized data governance. |
MIRACLE | 1 May 2022 | 30 April 2025 | Novel diagnostic platform for virtual biopsy. |
MITI | 1 April 2022 | 30 September 2024 | Non-ionizing metabolic imaging for predicting the effect of and guiding therapeutic interventions. |
MLSysOps | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Pushing the technological boundaries of autonomic systems through AI/ML. |
MoSS | 1 May 2022 | 30 April 2024 | Develop an automated DNA storage system based on a novel enzymatic technique for the high-throughput synthesis of DNA. |
NanoVision | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2025 | Innovative super-resolution optical microscopy platform. |
NEBourhoods | 1 October 2022 | 31 March 2025 | Making the Green Deal beneficial for all in Neuperlach. |
NEB-STAR | 1 October 2022 | 30 September 2025 | New European Bauhaus for green urban transformation. |
NEMILIES | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2024 | Provide a room-temperature high-sensitivity infrared detector. |
NEUTRALPATH | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2027 | Positive clean energy districts to tackle climate change. |
NEXUS | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2025 | Extracellular vesicles as a source for liquid biopsy assay. |
PANTHEON | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Smart city digital twin platform for improved disaster management. |
PCAVISION | 1 April 2022 | 31 March 2024 | Modern ultrasound imaging for comprehensive prostate cancer diagnostics. |
PRe-ART-2T | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2025 | PRe-ART-2T intends to replace low-quality, commercial animal-derived reagent mAbs with high-performing synthetic alternatives. |
PRISMA | 1 July 2022 | 30 June 2025 | Treating diabetes with a thin-film micropump. |
PureSurf | 1 May 2022 | 30 April 2025 | Bio-based surfactants from renewable waste streams for the circular economy. |
Re-Value | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2026 | Development of climate-neutral solutions for waterfront cities. |
REWIRE | 1 October 2022 | 30 September 2025 | New framework for around-the-clock data protection. |
SELFY | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2025 | Toolbox for more secure, robust, and resilient connected vehicles. |
SHINTO | 1 October 2022 | 30 September 2025 | Soft, self-healing recyclable materials to support intelligent robotics applications. |
SiMulTox | 1 April 2022 | 31 March 2024 | Novel platform for multiparametric assessment of drug-related cardiotoxicity. |
SISHOT | 1 September 2022 | 31 August 2025 | Development of an immediate, real-time single-shot ultrashort laser pulse characterization. |
SPECTRUM | 1 May 2022 | 30 April 2025 | Innovative switch could solve quantum computer cable problem. |
SPINE | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2026 | Looking for smart, green, and inclusive public transport solutions. |
TAONas-LUAD | 1 April 2022 | 31 December 2025 | Antisense oligonucleotide technology in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. |
TREASoURcE | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2026 | Turning trash into treasure through a circular economy approach. |
TrialsNet | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Deploy full large-scale trials to implement a heterogenous and comprehensive set of innovative 6G applications. |
TWIN2EXPAND | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Urban planning and design to achieve the EU Green Deal. |
UP2030 | 1 January 2023 | 31 December 2025 | Urban planning with a focus on climate change. |
VRP | 1 June 2022 | 31 May 2024 | Robot programming technology that enables automation of high-mix, low-volume production. |
Phase | Description |
---|---|
Data preparation | The data collected on the CORDIS platform for each project are compiled into an individual report. Information on project name, implementation dates, summary, objectives, and technical description are extracted. These elements are available in “fact sheet” and “reporting” sections on CORDIS platform. A script written in Python was developed to automatically collect this information. |
Codification | NVivo v12.2 software is used to assign codes to text segments or significant units of data that represent a specific theme. |
Identification of initial themes | Initial emerging themes are identified and highlighted by Nvivo v12.2 software. Themes represent groups of codes that share similar characteristics. |
Review of themes | This step aims to review the identified themes to ensure that they are aligned in the cybersecurity domain and are appropriately relevant and comprehensive. It is also relevant to ensure that the themes correctly capture the perspectives of each project. |
Definition and naming of themes | Each theme is associated with a descriptive name to assist in the analysis and production of the final report. |
Analysis of themes | The themes identified in the previous step are analyzed to understand the relationships between them and to highlight how they contribute to the research questions formulated in the study. |
Interpretation of results | The results obtained are discussed considering the research objectives and the literature in the field. Implications of the themes are noted to guide the discussion of the findings. |
Reporting of results | A detailed report of the identified themes and their definitions is produced. Original citations are also collected from the studies that support each theme. The implications of the research are also noted. |
Final Theme | Associated Terms | Absolute Frequency | Relative Frequency |
---|---|---|---|
Smart cities | Intelligent cities, digital cities, future cities | 96 | 0.1605 |
Data-driven | Big data, data analytics, data-based, data-centric | 74 | 0.1237 |
Artificial intelligence | Intelligence, AI-driven systems, intelligent agents, neural networks | 53 | 0.0886 |
Machine learning | Machine, automation, data mining | 44 | 0.0736 |
Digital environments | Virtual environments, human-center, behavior, cyberspace | 41 | 0.0686 |
Privacy | Secure, confidentiality, cyber-attack, private data | 40 | 0.0669 |
Sensors | IoT, network, monitoring | 36 | 0.0602 |
Education | Learning, training | 33 | 0.0552 |
Sustainability | Sustainable, green practices, circular economy, renewable | 21 | 0.0351 |
Collaborative environment | Collaboration, empowerment, co-creating, stakeholders, community, co-design | 17 | 0.0284 |
Dimension | Mitigation Action | Project Vision |
---|---|---|
Infrastructure vulnerabilities | Vulnerability assessment | “…promote the conduct of comprehensive surveys on multi-hazard disaster risks and the development of regional disaster risk assessments and maps” (PANTHEON) “Solutions include innovative urban design, behavioral nudging, smart technological and data-driven solutions to reduce actual and perceived road safety risks…” (REALLOCATE) “Co-creating co-benefits for the neighborhood and city through multi-functional use of spaces and infrastructures.” (NEB-STAR) |
Risk management plan | ||
Ethical hacking | ||
Continuous monitoring | ||
Data privacy | Privacy by design | “The SPINE approach involves the creation of (a) innovative simulation and Digital Twining (DT) tools, along with open data and behavioral models, that will allow the building of scenarios combining different mobility interventions…” (SPINE) “…data sharing, advanced processing for detection of malicious events and decision-making…” (SELFY) “Specifically, the platform will feature enhanced data infrastructures and AI and big-data frameworks, novel data-driven orchestration and distributed monitoring mechanisms, a unified continuum abstraction and cybersecurity and digital privacy across all software layers.” (EXTRACT) |
Data minimization | ||
Transparent data practices | ||
User control and rights | ||
Network vulnerabilities | Risk assessment | “…resilience, increased ability to adapt and respond to cyber-threats and cyber-attacks…” (SELFY) “…a scalable AI/ML assisted control and orchestration system, responsible for autonomous networking, dynamic and constrained service provisioning…” (ALLEGRO) “This ambitious challenge will be met via distributed computing solutions to partition the edge environment in clusters, each managed as a local decentralized serverless platform.” (EDGELESS) |
Prevention systems | ||
Access control | Intrusion detection | “Clusters will cooperate with each other and with all the layers in the edge-cloud continuum to compose complex applications on-demand through a FaaS paradigm.” (EDGELESS) “MLSysOps will employ a hierarchical agent-based AI architecture to interface with the underlying resource management and application deployment/orchestration mechanisms of the continuum.” (MLSysOps) “…the camera will be able to capture visible features, key SWIR ?fingerprints? for physiochemical analysis and fluorescence signals from non-visible features.” (HYPERIA) |
Authentication and authorization mechanisms | ||
Secure device management | ||
Role-based access controls | ||
IoT devices | Secure access controls and protocols | “…platform and technologies will be combined with IoT infrastructure, multi-source data (satellite and in situ data, social networks, historical data) to create a tool for assessment of risks, vulnerability and capacity assessment.” (PANTHEON) “The proposed scalable and multifunctional cybersecurity platform will ensure the security throughout the life of the IoT devices with continuous security auditing, trust computing and theorem proofs for defining an hw-based microarchitecture for enhanced protection targeting to open-hardware/software vulnerabilities.” (REWIRE) “…we developed an uncooled IR sensor prototype based on a nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS), called NEMILIE, which can reach unprecedented sensitivity at room temperature.” (NEMILIES) |
Secure communications protocols | ||
Security monitoring | ||
Security standards and regulation | Adoption of international standards | “The project develops the 5UP methodological framework that supports cities in (i) UP-dating those policies, codes, regulations that need to be left behind to make room for the new vision.” (UP2030) “REWIRE envisions a holistic framework for continuous security assessment of open-source and open-specification hardware and software for IoT devices and the development of cybersecurity certification in accordance with the requirements and guidelines of recent EU regulation Cyber security Act3.” (REWIRE) “…compliance applicable to the three “thrusts” of Clean Aviation and a first status of comprehensive digital framework of formalized collaborative tooled and model/simulation-based processes for certification.” (CONCERTO) |
Smart grid security standards | ||
Articulate with local and national frameworks | ||
Human behavior | Education and awareness | “By this, we will set the foundation for a school of thought and practice, and establish a scaling framework for widespread learning across the EU utilizing digital infrastructure, stakeholder involvement and empowerment across a partner community of European cities, youth organizations, NGOs, academia, etc.” (DESIRE) “Combining co-creation and entrepreneurship, putting culture and creativity at the core of the transformation process, the project will deliver accessible and empowering solutions to make the EU-Green Deal beneficial for all in NPL and beyond” (NEBourhoods) “TWIN2EXPAND embraces the international networking ethos of the SDGs to achieve scientific excellence in the R&I of the built environment, fully embedding it within the quadruple helix by fostering collaboration with local authorities and other stakeholders.” (TWIN2EXPAND) |
Ethical guidelines | ||
Behavioral analytics and predictive models | ||
Collaboration and partnerships | ||
Community engagement |
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Almeida, F. Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities. Future Internet 2023, 15, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15090285
Almeida F. Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities. Future Internet. 2023; 15(9):285. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15090285
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmeida, Fernando. 2023. "Prospects of Cybersecurity in Smart Cities" Future Internet 15, no. 9: 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi15090285