Utilizing Blockchain for IoT Privacy through Enhanced ECIES with Secure Hash Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Works
2.1. Ethereum Public Blockchain
2.2. Consortium Blockchain
2.3. Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain
2.4. Blockchain Mechanisms for IoT Security
3. Modified ECIES with Secure Hash Function
Algorithm 1 Proposed ECIES with Secure Hash Utilization. |
Input: Security parameter and Transactional Request Data Output: Response Data
← else Reject end |
Computation Time for Proposed Scheme
4. Benefits of Modified ECIES with SHF
5. Results and Discussion
- The average computation time for the proposed scheme of the device_ID samples of the 50-device group dataset is reduced to 95.48 ms, whereas it is 102.733 ms for Lin et al. [14];
- The average computation time for device_Type samples of 150-device group dataset is reduced to 92.447 ms compared to 98.967 ms of Lin et al. [14];
- The average computation time for device_Model samples of 250-device group dataset is 98.745 ms, which is less than the recorded value of 105.68 ms for Lin et al. [14];
- The average computation time for device_SN samples of 500-device group dataset. for the proposed solution is equal to 98.615 ms comparing to 103.766 ms for Lin et al. [14].
6. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Encrypted Request Transaction Samples from Lin et al. [14] | Encrypted Request Transaction Samples—Proposed Scheme | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Device_ID | Constructed Request Transaction | Encrypted Transaction | Constructed Request Transaction | Encrypted Transaction |
5c504f2863 | 01||pk1||5c504f2863||o | nMgxrrzzltep | 01||pk1||5c504f2863||o | #M25*^gh%@sEj_N |
7j533g3785 | 01||pk2||7j533g3785||r | VzBsirblemqxj | 01||pk2||7j533g3785||r | &2bgh?+5f*63^”bL+ |
2p488d4936 | 01||pk3||2p488d4936||c | blskQohnerJk | 01||pk3||2p488d4936||c | Ox32?@><ghtSE21 |
S. No. | Device_ID Samples | Constructed Request Transaction | Lin et al. [14] | Proposed Scheme | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | |||
1 | 5c504f2863 | 01||pk1||5c504f2863||o | nMgxrrzzltep | 0.3451 | 108.45 | #M25*^gh%@sEj_N | 0.3052 | 97.87 |
2 | 7j533g3785 | 01||pk2||7j533g3785||r | VzBsirblemqxj | 0.3287 | 102.67 | &2bgh?+5f*63^”bL+ | 0.2881 | 95.35 |
3 | 2p488d4936 | 01||pk3||2p488d4936||c | blskQohnerJk | 0.3695 | 110.88 | Ox32?@><ghtSE21 | 0.3197 | 100.01 |
4 | 3r622h2678 | 01||pk4||3r622h2678||w | kGniopHcqts | 0.3586 | 105.5 | &&4*^xo78?//@br | 0.3074 | 97.36 |
5 | 8x923a0995 | 01||pk5||8x923a0995||r | pxtrJvnerKlsgh | 0.3218 | 100.3 | Xx(+09%#<>P582j# | 0.2821 | 90.8 |
6 | 5z307b2305 | 01||pk6||5z307b2305||o | SzhioFnopsltr | 0.3524 | 109.25 | 53>BJIO@+*29_ba | 0.3117 | 99.3 |
7 | 1k408m7277 | 01||pk7||1k408m7277||r | zcxvtDlfspqrv | 0.3247 | 98.6 | pM@0873##ghi++ | 0.2851 | 97.2 |
8 | 4v978x0355 | 01||pk8||4v978x0355||r | QlnioghTsrvbe | 0.3618 | 96.33 | ST<**3789#(j;st_bt | 0.3125 | 91.78 |
9 | 6g388k5669 | 01||pk9||6g388k5669||o | twchjkioAans | 0.3499 | 99.24 | C5!(^78#”gmRb+523 | 0.3071 | 93.68 |
10 | 9s028n6082 | 01||pk10||9s028n6082||c | ifniodfXtcrnig | 0.3374 | 96.11 | +93x0”^&pSq*?84((+ | 0.2933 | 91.45 |
S. No. | Device_Type Samples | Constructed Request Transaction | Lin et al. [14] | Proposed Scheme | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | |||
1 | Lamp | 01||pk1||lamp||o | hdlOxcjsmkbfaxb | 0.3365 | 100.25 | @2e78(^:xvyio# | 0.2923 | 91.48 |
2 | Fan | 01||pk2||fan||c | IDvislzxkrFthjcs | 0.3518 | 96.46 | vM*{14s<”QJixh%j | 0.3091 | 90.01 |
3 | Air-conditioner | 01||pk3||ac||r | lpCivzodalfioeLt | 0.3624 | 109.84 | ##hj89!kb(**vm%l | 0.3147 | 101.21 |
4 | Television | 01||pk4||tv||r | glaQivtsjiwecbmf | 0.3267 | 104.3 | F4!{9(&&Hjck”b_1 | 0.2865 | 96.45 |
5 | Freezer | 01||pk5||freezer||o | iozxJstovhgmcIDf | 0.3378 | 98.8 | Ox5%zkLR++8**d” | 0.2934 | 93.26 |
6 | Camera | 01||pk6||camera||c | bchjShBixmveloz | 0.3413 | 97.65 | ++fg^*294(siX3!%K | 0.2984 | 92.68 |
7 | Doorbell | 01||pk7||doorbell||c | oxGjzbkdIvsohja | 0.3649 | 95.38 | &&59gX+jq6^^d! | 0.3166 | 89.59 |
8 | Door | 01||pk8||door||r | mrXbjiwedjlHaMb | 0.3672 | 94.71 | 3!cAm#]za!_vD8** | 0.3193 | 89.45 |
9 | Clock | 01||pk9||clock||r | VbihKzrajioxbfk | 0.3291 | 95.16 | 2!_xjdO(+”8fYios” | 0.2891 | 89.78 |
10 | Speaker | 01||pk10||speaker||o | aKleioshBzerjioc | 0.3534 | 97.12 | 56@kWx”67!++^*8) | 0.3112 | 90.56 |
S. No. | Device_Model Samples | Constructed Request Transaction | Lin et al. [14] | Proposed Scheme | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | |||
1 | RX350 | 01||pk1||RX350||o | VbxdjklopStpd | 0.3587 | 106.23 | P#5!hbn2e<k” | 0.3138 | 98.45 |
2 | HS720A | 01||pk2||HS720A||c | rbpMiosgtkbdji | 0.3393 | 109.04 | ++dfg*7D$%j{ | 0.2954 | 99.34 |
3 | ZT8808 | 01||pk3||ZT8808||r | pbfKlacTrxkfdv | 0.3718 | 113.96 | J9_}ndb^&10f | 0.3215 | 103.85 |
4 | XY290P | 01||pk4||XY290P||r | Kgankobhmenx | 0.3425 | 105.4 | 28g(7!kvy>?lb | 0.2971 | 98.67 |
5 | HDR6E | 01||pk5||HDR6E||o | AchjeoPvmftugy | 0.3274 | 104.55 | “fs9!45@kcql++ | 0.2887 | 96.77 |
6 | CBT26Z | 01||pk6||CBT26Z||c | ZxjdriobstJbci | 0.3368 | 110.75 | #46e%Jcmp8!(* | 0.2932 | 101.48 |
7 | PB485D | 01||pk7||PB485D||o | oxchksDLnfkwcy | 0.3451 | 100.3 | 0x^{gno**57(% | 0.2995 | 97.26 |
8 | AVV56E | 01||pk8||AVV56E||r | GbjiochtgjFcodef | 0.3596 | 104.78 | rDk##99!hsi_4%! | 0.3152 | 97.73 |
9 | BM5060 | 01||pk9||BM5060||c | abfdelUbjiotHny | 0.3417 | 99.34 | 3!(gOx<@2dn+*> | 0.2951 | 95.87 |
10 | CR2030 | 01||pk10||CR2030||o | rvpmRtzderighj | 0.3624 | 102.45 | +8cY{&269f##k! | 0.3164 | 98.03 |
S. No. | Device_SN Samples | Constructed Request Transaction | Lin et al. [14] | Proposed Scheme | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | Encrypted Transaction | Correlation Coefficient | Computation Time (ms) | |||
1 | 72020190805001 | 01||pk1||72020190805001||r | cwkzAldOxvionc | 0.3472 | 103.75 | oxK*3#”4z89!Ws<k# | 0.3072 | 97.33 |
2 | 72020190805002 | 01||pk2||72020190805002||c | rcksiKlwgnoxhtVm | 0.3381 | 107.22 | @hs53!jL;(“bKx>++ | 0.2951 | 99.58 |
3 | 72020190805003 | 01||pk3||72020190805003||r | MxjkdiyqosdGrdH | 0.3564 | 109.55 | ##gP34{*oX629_jb*D | 0.3115 | 102.67 |
4 | 72020190805004 | 01||pk4||72020190805004||o | ldfivrskTaovhxGc | 0.3415 | 105.14 | “lB*{@793!_jf+>VG | 0.2973 | 98.97 |
5 | 72020190805005 | 01||pk5||72020190805005||o | bJoxjdlqieczgeorl | 0.3261 | 99.34 | PW(+*51U_”vz#A9<h | 0.2861 | 96.88 |
6 | 72020190805006 | 01||pk6||72020190805006||c | xjloFaicehpbhowc | 0.3347 | 109.15 | 9^qxc*{_fk@bi56! | 0.2937 | 101.45 |
7 | 72020190805007 | 01||pk7||72020190805007||o | Lpwvnjxzaioerm | 0.3641 | 99.62 | ++7Ox37”#bsT^y>* | 0.3142 | 97.13 |
8 | 72020190805008 | 01||pk8||72020190805008||r | mhykdgyerioskzt | 0.3572 | 104.01 | *fV%g_h!{“6do>&r | 0.3116 | 98.35 |
9 | 72020190805009 | 01||pk9||72020190805009||c | aQiocdjkguzpljXo | 0.3487 | 98.15 | Ix{&85+^dy@<>g# | 0.3081 | 97.01 |
10 | 72020190805010 | 01||pk10||72020190805010||r | PfsklchioxDgerzbj | 0.3293 | 101.73 | &jc*;31k4!+M_”*5%# | 0.2841 | 96.78 |
Dataset | Samples | No. of Tests Taken | Lin et al. [14] | Proposed Scheme | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Correlation Coefficient | Average Computation Time (ms) | Average Correlation Coeffcient | Average Computation Time (ms) | |||
50-Device Group Set | Device_ID | 10 | 0.34499 | 102.733 | 0.30122 | 95.48 |
150-Device Group Set | Device_Type | 10 | 0.34711 | 98.967 | 0.30306 | 92.447 |
250-Device Group Set | Device_Model | 10 | 0.34853 | 105.68 | 0.30359 | 98.745 |
500-Device Group Set | Device_SN | 10 | 0.34433 | 103.766 | 0.30089 | 98.615 |
Approach | Proposed Scheme Modified ECIES with a SHF | Approach of Lin et al. [14] Mutual Authentication with ECIES |
---|---|---|
Encryption/Decryption Strength | The strength of the encryption/decryption is measured in terms of the correlation coefficient. The improvement in the correlation coefficient is from 0.34499 to 0.30122 | Provides an average correlation coefficient of 0.34499. |
Computation time | Computation time is measured in terms of execution time. The computation time decreases from 102.733 ms to 95.48 ms, reducing the encryption/decryption time from 39.925 ms and 41.513 ms to 34.444 ms and 35.859 ms. | Provide an average computation time of 102.733 ms with average encryption decryption time of 39.925 ms and 41.513 ms. |
Contribution 1 | The generation of an SHF increases the security strength of the key by adding new features for calculating private and public keys from the safer elliptic curve points. With the generation of an SHF, the security strength of the transmitted message is improved, which enhances the user privacy in IoT. | Does not use hash function generation for computing private and public keys for encrypting the transmitted message in IoT, which results in the violation of user privacy. |
Contribution 2 | The KDF introduces key stretching capability and decreases the number of iterations processes while deriving keys for authentication. This reduces the time for encryption and decryption. | The computation time is affected by the number of users showing the system unreliability. |
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Share and Cite
Khanal, Y.P.; Alsadoon, A.; Shahzad, K.; Al-Khalil, A.B.; Prasad, P.W.C.; Rehman, S.U.; Islam, R. Utilizing Blockchain for IoT Privacy through Enhanced ECIES with Secure Hash Function. Future Internet 2022, 14, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030077
Khanal YP, Alsadoon A, Shahzad K, Al-Khalil AB, Prasad PWC, Rehman SU, Islam R. Utilizing Blockchain for IoT Privacy through Enhanced ECIES with Secure Hash Function. Future Internet. 2022; 14(3):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030077
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhanal, Yurika Pant, Abeer Alsadoon, Khurram Shahzad, Ahmad B. Al-Khalil, Penatiyana W. C. Prasad, Sabih Ur Rehman, and Rafiqul Islam. 2022. "Utilizing Blockchain for IoT Privacy through Enhanced ECIES with Secure Hash Function" Future Internet 14, no. 3: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14030077