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Brief Report

Deletion of the African Swine Fever Virus Gen I196L in the Georgia2010 Isolate Genome Does Not Affect Virus Replication or Virulence in Domestic Pigs

by
Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
1,2,*,
Paul A. Azzinaro
1,2,
Alyssa Valladares
1,3,
Ediane Silva
1,2,
Leeanna Burton
1,2,
Leandro Sastre
1,2,
Vivian O’Donnell
4,
James J. Zhu
1,2,
Douglas P. Gladue
1,*,† and
Manuel V. Borca
1,*
1
Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
2
Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
3
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
4
U.S. Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), P.O. Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current Affiliation: Seek Labs, 350 W 800 N Suite 220, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA.
Viruses 2025, 17(5), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050603
Submission received: 27 March 2025 / Revised: 16 April 2025 / Accepted: 18 April 2025 / Published: 23 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Collection African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV))
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Abstract

:
African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease of domestic pigs that is currently challenging swine production in large areas of Eurasia and the Caribbean. The causative agent, ASF virus (ASFV), is a large, double-stranded, and structurally complex virus. The ASFV genome encodes for more than 160 proteins; however, the functions of most of them are still in the process of being characterized. Recently, ASFV gene I196L has been reported as being critically involved in disease production in domestic pigs. We report here that a recombinant virus derived from the Georgia 2010 isolate (ASFV-G) lacking the I196L gene, ASFV-G-∆I196L, had the same ability to replicate in primary cultures of swine macrophage and, when experimentally inoculated in pigs, produced a fatal form of the disease similar to that caused by the parental virulent ASFV-G. Therefore, deletion of the I196L gene does not significantly affect virus replication and virulence in domestic pigs of the ASFV Georgia 2010 isolate.

1. Introduction

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a contagious disease, African swine fever (ASF), of domestic and wild swine, which can present in a variety of clinical forms depending on the virus strain involved [1,2]. Since 2007, ASF has been widely distributed across Asia and Europe and has recently been detected in the Dominican Republic and Haiti [3]. In the last fifteen years, ASF has significantly affected pig production and is causing food shortages worldwide.
ASFV is a large and structurally complex double-enveloped virus. The most internal membrane wraps a protein capsid, which harbors a large (180–190 kilobase pairs) double-stranded DNA genome, which encodes more than 150 genes [2]. The function of many of these genes has not been experimentally characterized, so their function remains unknown. In particular, for important processes such as virus replication and virulence in domestic swine. Understanding the function of those genes played a critical role in the identification of ASFV genes involved in virus virulence in domestic pigs, leading to the rational development of live attenuated ASFV vaccine candidates [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12].
Recently, it has been reported, as a preprint [13], that the ASFV gene I196L, a late-expressed gene, was involved in the processes of virus replication in swine macrophages and, importantly, virus virulence. Two recombinant viruses (SY18ΔI196L-1 and 2) produced by the deletion of the I196L gene in the genome of the highly virulent field strain SY18 have abolished their virulence when inoculated in domestic pigs. Animals intramuscularly (IM) inoculated with 106 HAD50 did not present any clinical signs of ASF and, importantly, were protected against the challenge with the virulent parental strain SY18. Therefore, SY18ΔI196L-1 and 2 appear as potential experimental live attenuated vaccine strains.
Here, we report that a recombinant virus harboring a deletion of the I196L gene from the genome of the highly virulent Georgia2010 isolate (ASFV-G), ASFV-G-∆I196L, presents similar replication kinetics to that of the parental ASFV-G in primary swine macrophage cultures. Importantly, animals IM inoculated with 102 HAD50 of ASFV-G-∆I196L present an almost indistinguishable virulent phenotype from that shown by ASFV-G. Therefore, in the conditions evaluated in this report, it does not appear the I196L gene plays any important role in the replication nor in the process of disease production in domestic pigs of the ASFV-G isolate. The potential causes for the discrepancies between data reported here and those presented by Fan et al. [13] are further discussed.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Viruses and Cells

Primary cultures of swine macrophages were produced as previously described and plated at a density of 5 × 106 cells per mL [4,5,6,7]. The ASFV Georgia2010 (ASFV-G) is a highly virulent field strain kindly provided by Dr. Nino Vepkhvadze, from the Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture (LMA) in Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia [4,5,6,7]. Evaluation of virus replication kinetics was performed by running comparative growth curves between ASFV-G-∆I196L and the parental ASFV-G in primary swine macrophage cultures with a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 HAD50 [5,6,7]. Samples were taken at different times post-infection (pi) and frozen at ≤−70 °C. Cell lysates were titrated using primary swine macrophages in 96-well plates. Presence of infected cells was detected by hemadsorption (HA), and virus titers were calculated as previously described [5,6,7].

2.2. Development of the ASFV I196L Gene Deletion Mutant

ASFV-G-∆I196L was developed via genetic manipulation of the ASFV-G strain by deleting the ASFV gene I196L. Genetic modification was produced by homologous recombination using a recombination transfer vector (named p72mCherryΔI196L) as previously described [5]. The recombination transfer vector p72mCherryΔI196L harbors the ASFV-G genomic regions flanking the I196L gene. The left flanking arm covers approximately 1000 base pairs to the left of nucleotide position 176,206, and the right arm also covers approximately 1000 base pairs to the right of nucleotide position 176,607. In addition, the recombinant vector also harbors the reporter gene cassette with the mCherry fluorescent protein (mCherry) gene under the control of the ASFV p72 late gene promoter [5]. p72mCherryΔI196L was developed by DNA synthesis (Epoch Life Sciences, Sugar Land, TX, USA). Recombinant ASFV-G-∆I196L harbors a partial deletion of the I196L gene (between nucleotide positions 176,206 and 176,607). ASFV-G-∆I196L was purified by limiting dilution based on mCherry activity detection. The full-length genome of ASFV-G-∆I196L was sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) following exactly the procedures previously described [5].

2.3. Evaluation of ASFV-G-∆I196L Virulence in Domestic Pigs

The virulence of ASFV-G-∆I196L was evaluated in 35–40 kg commercial breed swine. Groups of pigs (n = 5) were intramuscularly (IM) inoculated with 102 HAD50 of either ASFV-G-∆I196L or the virulent parental virus ASFV-G. The presence of clinical signs associated with ASF (such as anorexia, depression, fever, purple skin discoloration, staggering gait, diarrhea, and cough) as well as body temperature values were recorded daily throughout the experiment. Experiments with pigs were performed under biosafety level 3 conditions in the animal facilities at Plum Island Animal Disease Center, following a strict protocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (225.07-14-R_090716, approved on 14 July 2022).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Structural Analysis of the ASFV I196L Gene

ASFV gene I196L presents no significant amino acid sequence or structural similarities with other known proteins [14,15]. An analysis of a previously established database containing 220 annotated ASFV genomes led to the identification of a subset comprising 13 non-redundant sequences for I196L [16]. This collection of unique sequences was utilized to create an alignment and a consensus sequence (Figure 1) for the I196L protein. The consensus was determined using a simple majority approach. In the sole instance where no consensus was reached, residue 111 in Figure 1, histidine was chosen over proline for the consensus sequence to facilitate further modeling. Analysis of the sequence conservation appears highest in both the N-terminal (consensus residues 1–27) and C-terminal (consensus residues 164–196) regions and lowest in the repeated motif (consensus residues 28–84) that is more prone to insertions and deletions.
The protein sequence was analyzed for known signal peptides utilizing Phobius (Figure 2), revealing the presence of a C-terminal transmembrane domain, while the remainder of the protein appears to be non-cytoplasmic [17]. Both nucleotide and protein BLAST (version 2.16.0) analyses failed to identify any homologous sequences beyond those associated with ASFV, and the examination of the protein sequence did not reveal any recognized protein families or domains, aside from low complexity regions that are likely to enhance structural fluidity, especially in disordered segments [18]. It is conceivable that these disordered regions may adopt stable conformations when interacting with partner molecules. In the absence of known interactors, these regions are likely to remain flexible, exhibiting high solvent accessibility and undergoing regular shape changes in response to energy fluctuations.
De novo structural modeling was previously conducted utilizing AlphaFold version 2.1.0, and new models have been generated with AlphaFold version 3.0.0 (Figure 3) [19,20]. Although proteins that contain transmembrane domains are particularly challenging to model, certain patterns can be observed. Various sequences exhibit duplications or deletions of a linear segment comprising approximately 22 amino acids, which is anticipated to form a beta sheet structure. The consensus sequence contains three occurrences of this unannotated motif. In contrast, other sequence variants possess only two occurrences, which fail to consistently produce the beta sheet structure, whereas variants with four repeats demonstrate a higher confidence score for the beta sheet formation (Figure 3B). This sequence appears to represent a tandem repeat with no reverse complement present elsewhere in the genome.

3.2. Development of the Recombinant ASFV-G-ΔI196L

Deletion of the I196L gene in the Chinese field isolate SY18 produced a decrease in virus replication in swine macrophages and attenuation of virus virulence when inoculated in pigs [13]. To understand the potential role of the I196L gene in these processes regarding the virulent field isolate ASFV Georgia 2010 isolate (ASFV-G), a recombinant virus harboring the partial deletion of the I196L gene (ASFV-G-∆I196L) was developed using ASFV-G as the parental virus. The I196L gene, spanning between nucleotide positions 175,999 and 176,607, was partially deleted between nucleotide positions 176,206 and 176,607. The deleted area of the I196L gene was replaced by the 1226 bp p72mCherry cassette [5]. (Figure 4). The design of the construct was specifically focused on not altering the transcription of the closely adjacent I177L gene, which has been well characterized as being a powerful ASFV genetic virulent factor [5]. The stock of the recombinant ASFV-G-∆I196L was purified by limiting dilution using primary swine macrophage cell cultures as cell–substrate.
The full genome sequence of the recombinant ASFV-G-∆I196L was assessed by NGS using an Illumina NextSeq® 500. Results of the analysis demonstrated a deletion of an area of 401 nucleotides inside the I196L gene and the insertion of 1226 nucleotides corresponding to the p72-mCherry cassette sequence. There were no unwanted genomic modifications detected in the stock of ASFV-G-∆I196L, and the NGS data showed no evidence of a potential contamination of the parental ASFV-G genome into the ASFV-G-∆I196L stock.

3.3. Replication of ASFV-G-∆I196L in Primary Swine Macrophages

To assess the potential role of the I196L gene in virus replication in swine macrophage cell cultures, the replication kinetics of ASFV-G-∆I196L were comparatively evaluated with those of the parental ASFV-G. A multistep growth curve was implemented, infecting swine macrophage cultures with an MOI of 0.01 with either ASFV-G-∆I196L or ASFV-G, and virus yields were assessed at 2, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h pi. Results showed that the growth kinetics of ASFV-G-∆I196L and that of the parental ASFV-G practically overlap each other, suggesting that the deletion of the I196L gene from the genome of the ASFV-G does not affect the ability of the virus to replicate in swine macrophage cultures (Figure 5). This result differs from that reported by Fan et al. [13], where, under similar experimental conditions to those described here, two recombinant viruses derived from the virulent field strain SY18 harboring full-length deletions of the I196L gene showed a statistically significant decrease in virus yield in primary swine macrophage cultures.

3.4. Assessment of ASFV-G-∆I196L Virulence in Swine

To assess the potential role of the I196L gene in the virulence of the parental ASFV-G isolate, a group of five 35–40 kg pigs was IM inoculated with 102 HAD50 of the recombinant ASFV-G-∆I196L. A control group of pigs (n = 4) with the same characteristics as those receiving the recombinant virus was inoculated with the virulent parental ASFV-G isolate using the same dose and route of inoculation. The presence of ASF-associated clinical signs was observed daily in both groups of animals.
As expected, all animals infected with the virulent parental ASFV-G presented a sudden increase in body temperature (>40 °C) on day 4 pi, progressing to full clinical disease (Figure 6 and Figure 7), with all pigs being euthanized on days 5–6 pi.
Animals inoculated with the recombinant ASFV-G-∆I196L also showed development of a lethal form of the disease, similar to that observed in the animals inoculated with the parental ASFV-G. All pigs in this group, except one, presented an increased body temperature over 40 °C on day 5 post infection, in all of them evolving to a more severe form of clinical disease, with all pigs euthanized between days 5 and 6 pi (Figure 6 and Figure 7). Therefore, the deletion of the I196L gene from the genome of the virulent ASFV-G isolate does not affect the level of virus virulence when tested in experimentally infected domestic swine under the experimental conditions described here. Again, these results have a striking contrast to those described by Fan et al. [13]. Those authors reported that doses as high as 106 HAD50 of a recombinant virus harboring full-length deletion of the I196L gene in the virulent field strain SY18 resulted in a completely attenuated phenotype when inoculated in domestic pigs under similar experimental conditions as those reported here.
The replication of the recombinant ASFV-G-∆I196L in the infected pigs was assessed by analyzing the viremia titers and by comparing those to the viremia levels detected in animals inoculated with the parental virulent ASFV-G (Figure 8). Animals IM inoculated with ASFV-G presented high viremia titers (approximately 108 HAD50/mL) by day 4 pi, maintaining similar values until days 5–6 pi, when all animals needed to be euthanized due to the severity of the clinical signs. Similarly, animals inoculated with the recombinant ASFV-G-∆I196L showed viremia titers ranging between 104.5 and 108 HAD50/mL by day 4 pi, evolving their viremia titers to 106–107.5 HAD50/mL by day 5–6 pi, when all of them had to be euthanized.
It is important to mention that full-length genomic sequences of viruses obtained in blood samples taken from the five animals inoculated with ASFV-G-∆I196L confirmed that the virus present in each of the samples sequenced by NGS was ASFV-G-∆I196L. These results confirm that the clinical disease present in those animals was in fact produced by ASFV-G-∆I196L and not by potential residual contamination from the parental ASFV-G remaining after the ASFV-G-∆I196L purification process. Therefore, ASFV-G-∆I196L produces a lytic systemic infection in experimentally infected animals similar to that present in animals inoculated with the parental ASFV-G.
Results reported here clearly show that the deletion of the I196L gene from the genome of the highly virulent isolate Georgia 2010 does not affect basic ASFV functions, such as virus replication in macrophages (both in cell cultures and experimentally infected pigs) and the virulence in domestic pigs of ASFV strain Georgia. As mentioned, when describing the obtained results, it is important to mention that these results oppose those reported by Fan et al. [13] when deleting the I196L gene in the genome of the virulent field strain SY18. Isolate SY18 is a derivative of the ASFV-G, and, therefore, comparison of the full-length genome sequences demonstrates a very high homology (99.98% or 25 nucleotide deletions/insertions and 4 substitutions). Furthermore, comparison of the amino acid sequence encoded by the I196L gene in ASFV-G and SY18 showed a 100% homology. A possible explanation of the phenotype differences between viruses lacking I196L in virulent field strains ASFV-G and SY18 is that the I196L gene may constitute another example of ASFV genes whose deletion produces different phenotypes depending on the genetic background (different virus isolates) where the deletion is performed, as was reported for genes such as B119L [7,21], EP402R [22,23], DP96R [24,25,26], DP71L [25,26], B119L/DP96R [4,21], TK [27,28], DP148R [29,30], and I267L [31,32].
An alternative cause for these discrepancies could be differences between the design of the deletion of the I196L gene in the ASFV-G-∆I196L presented here and those in the recombinant viruses reported by Fan et al. [13]. In the ASFV-G-∆I196L, there is a partial deletion of the I196L gene comprising the 5′ end of the I196L gene until ASFV nucleotide position 176,206, deleting the first 133 residues of the I196L gene. This construct preserves the integrity of the I177L gene and its promoter, located 1206 nucleotides downstream adjacently to the left of the closer deletion end of the I196L gene (ASFV nucleotide position 176,206). Conversely, the two recombinant viruses reported by Fan et al., SY18-∆I196L-1 and SY18-∆I196L-2, present either a complete deletion of the I177L promoter or a deletion of that promoter along with the first 8 nucleotides at the open reading frame of the I177L gene, respectively [13]. Therefore, it is possible that the reduced ability of replication in swine macrophages and, particularly, the attenuated phenotype of SY18-∆I196L-1 and SY18-∆I196L-2 could be due to failure in the expression of the I177L gene rather than the deletion of the I196L gene itself. In fact, the reduced ability of replication in swine macrophages as well as the level of attenuation in domestic pigs described for SY18-∆I196L-1 and SY18-∆I196L-2 [13] are quite comparable to those reported for ASFV-G-∆I177L [5]. Therefore, we believe deletion of the I196L gene does not affect virus replication in swine macrophages nor is it involved in the process of virulence during the ASFV infection in domestic pigs.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.V.B. and D.P.G.; methodology P.A.A. and E.R.-M., investigation, V.O., L.S., E.R.-M., A.V., J.J.Z. and E.S.; data curation, L.S., E.R.-M. and L.B.; writing—original draft preparation, M.V.B. and D.P.G.; writing—review and editing M.V.B., D.P.G. and E.R.-M., funding acquisition, M.V.B. and D.P.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This project was funded through an interagency agreement with the Science and Technology Directorate of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security under Award Number 70RSAT19KPM000056.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All data are included in the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Plum Island Animal Disease Center Animal Care Unit staff for their excellent technical assistance. We wish to particularly thank Carmen V. Borca-Carrillo for editing the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, APHIS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE.

Conflicts of Interest

Author Douglas P. Gladue was employed by the company Seek Labs. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Unique sequence alignment of I196L. A dataset comprising translated, non-redundant I196L protein sequences was aligned using CLC software (version 23.0.2). The residues are represented in color according to the RasMol scheme. Bars below show conservation as compared to consensus. It is observed that the consensus is significantly lower within the direct repeat motif compared to other regions of the protein, whereas the C-terminal sequence exhibits nearly complete conservation.
Figure 1. Unique sequence alignment of I196L. A dataset comprising translated, non-redundant I196L protein sequences was aligned using CLC software (version 23.0.2). The residues are represented in color according to the RasMol scheme. Bars below show conservation as compared to consensus. It is observed that the consensus is significantly lower within the direct repeat motif compared to other regions of the protein, whereas the C-terminal sequence exhibits nearly complete conservation.
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Viruses 17 00603 g002
Figure 2. Subcellular location of I196L. The prediction of the consensus sequence for the I196L gene by Phobius suggests that the majority of the protein is localized outside the cytoplasm and highlights the presence of a transmembrane domain within the highly conserved C-terminal region.
Figure 2. Subcellular location of I196L. The prediction of the consensus sequence for the I196L gene by Phobius suggests that the majority of the protein is localized outside the cytoplasm and highlights the presence of a transmembrane domain within the highly conserved C-terminal region.
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Figure 3. Structural models of I196L. (A) The AlphaFold3 model representing the consensus sequence for I196L exhibits certain variations when compared to the previously published AlphaFold2 model. The repeated motif is highlighted in magenta, while the remainder of the model is color-coded according to its secondary structure. Regions identified as unstructured display low confidence levels and are likely to possess a dynamic conformation. (B) The AlphaFold3 models for representative protein sequences feature either 2 (top) or 4 (bottom) instances of the tandem repeat sequence.
Figure 3. Structural models of I196L. (A) The AlphaFold3 model representing the consensus sequence for I196L exhibits certain variations when compared to the previously published AlphaFold2 model. The repeated motif is highlighted in magenta, while the remainder of the model is color-coded according to its secondary structure. Regions identified as unstructured display low confidence levels and are likely to possess a dynamic conformation. (B) The AlphaFold3 models for representative protein sequences feature either 2 (top) or 4 (bottom) instances of the tandem repeat sequence.
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Figure 4. Schematic for the development of ASFV-G-∆I196L. The recombinant vector, containing the mCherry reporter gene under the ASFV p72 promoter activity, and the gene positions are shown. The nucleotide positions of the area that was deleted in the ASFV-G genome are indicated by the dashed lines. The resulting ASFV-G-∆I196L virus with the cassette inserted is shown on the bottom.
Figure 4. Schematic for the development of ASFV-G-∆I196L. The recombinant vector, containing the mCherry reporter gene under the ASFV p72 promoter activity, and the gene positions are shown. The nucleotide positions of the area that was deleted in the ASFV-G genome are indicated by the dashed lines. The resulting ASFV-G-∆I196L virus with the cassette inserted is shown on the bottom.
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Figure 5. In vitro growth kinetics in primary swine macrophage cell cultures for ASFV-G-∆I196L and parental ASFV-G (MOI = 0.01). Data represents means and standard deviations of two replicas. Sensitivity using this methodology for detecting virus is ≥log101.8 HAD50/mL.
Figure 5. In vitro growth kinetics in primary swine macrophage cell cultures for ASFV-G-∆I196L and parental ASFV-G (MOI = 0.01). Data represents means and standard deviations of two replicas. Sensitivity using this methodology for detecting virus is ≥log101.8 HAD50/mL.
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Viruses 17 00603 g006
Figure 6. Evolution of body temperature in animals IM infected with 102 HAD50 of either ASFV-G-∆196L or parental ASFV-G.
Figure 6. Evolution of body temperature in animals IM infected with 102 HAD50 of either ASFV-G-∆196L or parental ASFV-G.
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Viruses 17 00603 g007
Figure 7. Evolution of mortality in animals IM infected with 102 HAD50 of either ASFV-G-∆I196L or parental virulent ASFV-G.
Figure 7. Evolution of mortality in animals IM infected with 102 HAD50 of either ASFV-G-∆I196L or parental virulent ASFV-G.
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Viruses 17 00603 g008
Figure 8. Viremia titers detected in pigs IM inoculated with 102 HAD50 of either ASFV-G-∆ I196L or ASFV-G. Each symbol represents individual viremia titers in each animal in the groups. Sensitivity of virus detection: ≥log10 1.8 HAD50/mL.
Figure 8. Viremia titers detected in pigs IM inoculated with 102 HAD50 of either ASFV-G-∆ I196L or ASFV-G. Each symbol represents individual viremia titers in each animal in the groups. Sensitivity of virus detection: ≥log10 1.8 HAD50/mL.
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Ramirez-Medina, E.; Azzinaro, P.A.; Valladares, A.; Silva, E.; Burton, L.; Sastre, L.; O’Donnell, V.; Zhu, J.J.; Gladue, D.P.; Borca, M.V. Deletion of the African Swine Fever Virus Gen I196L in the Georgia2010 Isolate Genome Does Not Affect Virus Replication or Virulence in Domestic Pigs. Viruses 2025, 17, 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050603

AMA Style

Ramirez-Medina E, Azzinaro PA, Valladares A, Silva E, Burton L, Sastre L, O’Donnell V, Zhu JJ, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Deletion of the African Swine Fever Virus Gen I196L in the Georgia2010 Isolate Genome Does Not Affect Virus Replication or Virulence in Domestic Pigs. Viruses. 2025; 17(5):603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050603

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramirez-Medina, Elizabeth, Paul A. Azzinaro, Alyssa Valladares, Ediane Silva, Leeanna Burton, Leandro Sastre, Vivian O’Donnell, James J. Zhu, Douglas P. Gladue, and Manuel V. Borca. 2025. "Deletion of the African Swine Fever Virus Gen I196L in the Georgia2010 Isolate Genome Does Not Affect Virus Replication or Virulence in Domestic Pigs" Viruses 17, no. 5: 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050603

APA Style

Ramirez-Medina, E., Azzinaro, P. A., Valladares, A., Silva, E., Burton, L., Sastre, L., O’Donnell, V., Zhu, J. J., Gladue, D. P., & Borca, M. V. (2025). Deletion of the African Swine Fever Virus Gen I196L in the Georgia2010 Isolate Genome Does Not Affect Virus Replication or Virulence in Domestic Pigs. Viruses, 17(5), 603. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17050603

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