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Volume 16
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10.3390/v16071012
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Article

Immunogenetic Profile Associated with Patients Living with HIV-1 and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the Brazilian Amazon Region

by
Iran Barros Costa
1,2,
Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
1,2,
Patrícia Yuri Nogami
1,2,
Carolinne de Jesus Santos e Santos
1,2,
Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
3,
Eliane dos Santos França
1,
Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire
4,
Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos
4,
Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro
1,2,
Olinda Macedo
5,
Rita Catarina Medeiros Sousa
6,
Felipe Bonfim Freitas
5,
Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
3 and
Igor Brasil-Costa
1,2,*
1
Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
2
Immunology Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
3
Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
4
Epidemiology and Surveillance Service, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
5
Retrovirus Laboratory, Virology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil
6
School of Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2024, 16(7), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071012
Submission received: 7 May 2024 / Revised: 14 June 2024 / Accepted: 21 June 2024 / Published: 24 June 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV and HTLV Infections and Coinfections)
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Abstract

Viral coinfection among HIV-positive patients, coupled with the development of AIDS, remains a major public health problem. The synergism between the presence of HIV and other viruses has consequences in relation to changes in the severity of the infection, as well as changes in the natural course of both infections. Several polymorphisms present in genes that encode cytokines have a relevant influence on their transcription and consequently on the production of such immunological molecules. The present study evaluated the influence of SNPs located in the promoter regions of genes encoding the cytokines INF-ɣ, TNF, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-2, as well as their respective plasma concentrations, in patients infected with HIV and/or EBV in the state of Pará. Additionally, this study described the epidemiological profile and compared CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts among the groups studied. The associative analysis between the SNPs and plasma cytokine concentrations in different groups showed statistical relevance for three polymorphisms: rs2069762 (IL2), where the GG genotype demonstrated higher IL-2 levels in HIV mono-infected individuals; rs2243250 (IL4), where the CT genotype showed higher IL-4 levels in the control group; and rs2069705 (IFNG), where the TT genotype showed higher IFN-γ levels in the coinfected group. Regarding SNP associations with CD4+/CD8+ counts, significant findings were observed in HIV mono-infected individuals: the rs2069705 (IFNG) polymorphism was linked to higher CD4+ counts with the CT genotype, and rs1799964 (TNF) was associated with higher CD8+ counts with the CC genotype. Therefore, this study provides evidence that the rs2069705 (IFNG) SNP is associated with elevated IFN-γ levels, which may have pathogenic consequences, as depletion of this cytokine is concerning for people living with HIV due to its antiviral properties.
Keywords: HIV; EBV; polymorphism; single nucleotide; cytokines HIV; EBV; polymorphism; single nucleotide; cytokines

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MDPI and ACS Style

Costa, I.B.; Santana-da-Silva, M.N.; Nogami, P.Y.; Santos e Santos, C.d.J.; Pereira, L.M.S.; França, E.d.S.; Freire, A.B.C.; Ramos, F.L.d.P.; Monteiro, T.A.F.; Macedo, O.; et al. Immunogenetic Profile Associated with Patients Living with HIV-1 and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Viruses 2024, 16, 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071012

AMA Style

Costa IB, Santana-da-Silva MN, Nogami PY, Santos e Santos CdJ, Pereira LMS, França EdS, Freire ABC, Ramos FLdP, Monteiro TAF, Macedo O, et al. Immunogenetic Profile Associated with Patients Living with HIV-1 and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Viruses. 2024; 16(7):1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071012

Chicago/Turabian Style

Costa, Iran Barros, Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva, Patrícia Yuri Nogami, Carolinne de Jesus Santos e Santos, Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira, Eliane dos Santos França, Amaury Bentes Cunha Freire, Francisco Lúzio de Paula Ramos, Talita Antonia Furtado Monteiro, Olinda Macedo, and et al. 2024. "Immunogenetic Profile Associated with Patients Living with HIV-1 and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the Brazilian Amazon Region" Viruses 16, no. 7: 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071012

APA Style

Costa, I. B., Santana-da-Silva, M. N., Nogami, P. Y., Santos e Santos, C. d. J., Pereira, L. M. S., França, E. d. S., Freire, A. B. C., Ramos, F. L. d. P., Monteiro, T. A. F., Macedo, O., Sousa, R. C. M., Freitas, F. B., Vallinoto, A. C. R., & Brasil-Costa, I. (2024). Immunogenetic Profile Associated with Patients Living with HIV-1 and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) in the Brazilian Amazon Region. Viruses, 16(7), 1012. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071012

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