Temporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiological Indicators in a Low-Income Brazilian Context: A Retrospective Analysis in Paraiba State
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria and Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. 2020: Anxiety, Fear, and Misinformation
4.2. 2021: The Year of Massive Vaccination against COVID-19 Started a “Light of Hope”
4.3. 2022: The Emergence of the Omicron Variant Significantly Altered the Trajectory of the Ongoing Pandemic
4.4. The Socioeconomic Context of Paraiba and Its Potential Impact on the COVID-19 Pandemic
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Municipalities | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Health Region | Low HDI | Middle HDI | High HDI | Total |
R-1 | 19 | 4 | 2 | 25 |
R-2 | 21 | 4 | - | 25 |
R-3 | 27 | 13 | 1 | 41 |
R-4 | 9 | 3 | - | 12 |
R-5 | 6 | 11 | - | 17 |
R-6 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 24 |
R-7 | 13 | 5 | - | 18 |
R-8 | 7 | 3 | - | 10 |
R-9 | 7 | 8 | - | 15 |
R-10 | 10 | 5 | - | 15 |
R-11 | 6 | 1 | - | 7 |
R-12 | 13 | 1 | - | 14 |
Total | 151 (67.71%) | 67 (30.05%) | 5 (2.24%) | 223 |
Period | Incidence | Mortality | Case fatality | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DPC (IC 95%) | p | Trend | DPC (IC 95%) | p | Trend | DPC (IC 95%) | p | Trend | |
2020 | 1.72 (0.96:2.48) | <0.001 * | Increasing | 0.42 (0.11:0.74) | 0.008 * | Increasing | −0.40 (−0.59:−0.22) | <0.001 * | Decreasing |
2021 | −0.93 (−1.12:−0.75) | <0.001 * | Decreasing | −0.70 (−0.87:−0.53) | <0.001 * | Decreasing | 0.15 (0.02:0.28) | 0.023 * | Increasing |
2022 | −0.41 (−0.71:−0.10) | 0.009 * | Decreasing | −0.10 (−0.30:0.11) | 0.356 | Flat | −0.01 (−0.26:0.24) | 0.93 | Flat |
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da Silva, F.F.; de Abreu, L.C.; Daboin, B.E.G.; Morais, T.C.; Cavalcanti, M.P.E.; Bezerra, I.M.P.; da Silva, C.G.; Figueira, F.A.M.d.S.; de Caldas Guedes, V.V.; Perez Riera, A.R. Temporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiological Indicators in a Low-Income Brazilian Context: A Retrospective Analysis in Paraiba State. Viruses 2023, 15, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102016
da Silva FF, de Abreu LC, Daboin BEG, Morais TC, Cavalcanti MPE, Bezerra IMP, da Silva CG, Figueira FAMdS, de Caldas Guedes VV, Perez Riera AR. Temporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiological Indicators in a Low-Income Brazilian Context: A Retrospective Analysis in Paraiba State. Viruses. 2023; 15(10):2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102016
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Silva, Fabiola Ferreira, Luiz Carlos de Abreu, Blanca Elena Guerrero Daboin, Tassiane Cristina Morais, Matheus Paiva Emidio Cavalcanti, Italla Maria Pinheiro Bezerra, Célia Guarnieri da Silva, Fernando Augusto Marinho dos Santos Figueira, Viviane Valeria de Caldas Guedes, and Andres Ricardo Perez Riera. 2023. "Temporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiological Indicators in a Low-Income Brazilian Context: A Retrospective Analysis in Paraiba State" Viruses 15, no. 10: 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102016
APA Styleda Silva, F. F., de Abreu, L. C., Daboin, B. E. G., Morais, T. C., Cavalcanti, M. P. E., Bezerra, I. M. P., da Silva, C. G., Figueira, F. A. M. d. S., de Caldas Guedes, V. V., & Perez Riera, A. R. (2023). Temporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiological Indicators in a Low-Income Brazilian Context: A Retrospective Analysis in Paraiba State. Viruses, 15(10), 2016. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102016