Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression
Abstract
:1. Synopsis—IRF3 Activation Induces Transcription of IFNB1 upon Viral Infection
1.1. The Name Says It All—Interferons Counter Infections
1.2. The Setting—Cytosolic Nucleic Acids Stimulate Activation of Specific Transcription Factors
1.3. Meet the Lead—IRF3 and IRF7, the “Masters” of Type I IFN Transcription
2. Preparation Is Everything—The Key Steps Enabling the Biological Role of IRF3
2.1. Dress up—Phosphorylation of IRF3 Enables Protein–Protein Interactions
2.2. Join Forces—Dimerisation and Interaction with Coactivators Is Required for DNA-Binding of IRF3
2.3. Enter the Final Scene—Protein–Protein Interactions Retain IRF3 in the Nucleus after Stimulation
2.4. Leave Room for Improvement—IRF3 Activity Comes in Different Ranges
3. A Complex Performance—Stimulus-Induced Assembly of the IFNβ Enhanceosome
3.1. The Preface—The DNA Blueprint for Inducible IFNB1 Expression
3.2. On the Marks—Assembly of the IFNβ Enhanceosome
3.3. Get Ready and Go—Initiation of IFNB1 Transcription
3.4. The Run-Through—Basal Transcription of IFNB1
3.5. Backstage—Long-Range Modulation of IFNB1 Expression
4. All in Moderation—The Many Ways to Adjust IRF3 Activity
4.1. Support for the Key Actor—Host Factors that Promote IRF3 Activity after Viral Stimulation
4.2. Balance Is Key—Host Factors That Attenuate IRF3 Activity
4.3. The Curtain Drops—Host Factors that Terminate IRF3 Activity after Viral Stimulation
5. Saboteurs of the Main Act—Viral Modulation of Activated IRF3
5.1. Dispersing the Winning Team—Inhibition of Dimerisation
5.2. Selected Cast Only—Inhibition of Nuclear Translocation
5.3. Gate-Crashers Barge in—Inhibition of the IRF3-CBP/p300 Holocomplex Formation
5.4. At the Eleventh Hour—Inhibition of DNA Binding
6. To Be Continued—Perspective
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Schwanke, H.; Stempel, M.; Brinkmann, M.M. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses 2020, 12, 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070733
Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses. 2020; 12(7):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070733
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchwanke, Hella, Markus Stempel, and Melanie M. Brinkmann. 2020. "Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression" Viruses 12, no. 7: 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070733
APA StyleSchwanke, H., Stempel, M., & Brinkmann, M. M. (2020). Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses, 12(7), 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070733