Usutu Virus: An Arbovirus on the Rise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Introduction of USUV in Europe and Genetic Diversity
3. Transmission Dynamics
3.1. WNV and USUV Co-Circulation and Co-Infection Dynamics
3.2. Vector Species for USUV
3.3. Reservoir of USUV
3.4. Other Dead-End Hosts
4. Human Clinical Cases and Disease
5. Cellular Responses to USUV Infection
6. USUV Circulation in the Future: Surveillance and Mathematical Modeling
7. Concluding Remarks
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WNV | USUV | |
---|---|---|
Geographical Distribution | Africa, Europe, Middle East, North America and West Asia | Africa, Europe |
Main Vector | Culex spp. | Culex spp. |
Putative Seconday Vector | A. vexans [98], A. japonicus [99], A. albopictus [100] | A. albopictus [45,50] |
Amplifying Host | Migratory birds | Migratory birds |
Main Route of Transmission | Mosquito bite | Mosquito bite |
Alternate Route of Transmission | Rare cases of contamination through organ transplant and transfusion [101] and of mother-to-child transmission [102] | Not described |
Sensitivity to IFN | Strong [88] | Very strong [88] |
Antagonism of IFN Response | Through NS4B [103] | Not described |
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Roesch, F.; Fajardo, A.; Moratorio, G.; Vignuzzi, M. Usutu Virus: An Arbovirus on the Rise. Viruses 2019, 11, 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070640
Roesch F, Fajardo A, Moratorio G, Vignuzzi M. Usutu Virus: An Arbovirus on the Rise. Viruses. 2019; 11(7):640. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070640
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoesch, Ferdinand, Alvaro Fajardo, Gonzalo Moratorio, and Marco Vignuzzi. 2019. "Usutu Virus: An Arbovirus on the Rise" Viruses 11, no. 7: 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070640