Cross-Protection of Inactivated Rabies Vaccines for Veterinary Use against Bat Lyssaviruses Occurring in Europe
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Virus
2.2. Vaccine
2.3. Animals
2.4. In Vivo Experiments
2.5. Virus Titrations and Preparation of Challenge Doses
2.6. Vaccine Protection Study
2.7. Virus Neutralizing Antibody (VNA) Induction in Vaccinated Unchallenged Mice
2.8. Fluorescent Antibody Test
2.9. Rabies Serological Assays
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Development of Clinical Disease in Unvaccinated Mice
3.2. Vaccination-Challenge Study
3.2.1. Intracerebral Challenge
Protection
Rabies Antigen Detection in Mice Brains
3.2.2. Intramuscular Challenge
Protection
Rabies Antigen Detection in Mice Brains
3.2.3. Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response in Mice
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survivorship after Challenge | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virus | IC Route n (%) | IM Route n (%) | |||
50MLD50 | 2MLD50 | 50MLD50 | 2MLD50 | ||
CVS | Control group | 0/5 (0) | 1/5 (20) | 0/5 (0) | 4/5 (80) |
Vaccine 5 UI | 5/7 * (71) | 5/5 * (100) | 4/7 * (57) | 8/8 (100) | |
p-value | 0.028 | 0.048 | 0.081 | 0.385 | |
Vaccine 1 UI | 6/7 * (86) | 8/8 (100) | 3/8 (38) | 8/8 (100) | |
p-value | 0.015 | 0.007 | 0.231 | 0.385 | |
EBLV-1b | Control group | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) | 2/5 (40) |
Vaccine 5 UI | 0/7 * (0) | 0/7 * (0) | 3/7 * (43) | 7/7 * (100) | |
p-value | 1 | 1 | 0.205 | 0.045 | |
Vaccine 1 UI | 0/7 * (0) | 1/8 (13) | 3/8 (38) | 6/8 (75) | |
p-value | 1 | 1 | 0.231 | 0.293 | |
EBLV-2 | Control group | 0/5 (0) | 0/5 (0) | 2/5 (40) | nc |
Vaccine 5 UI | 1/8 (13) | 3/8 (38) | 8/8 (100) | nc | |
p-value | 1 | 0.231 | 0.035 | / | |
Vaccine 1 UI | 0/8 (0) | 2/8 (25) | 7/8 (88) | nc | |
p-value | 1 | 0.487 | 0.216 | / | |
BBLV | Control group | 0/5 (0) | 2/5 (40) | nc | nc |
Vaccine 5 UI | 4/8 (50) | 7/7 * (100) | nc | nc | |
p-value | 0.105 | 0.046 | / | / | |
Vaccine 1 UI | 2/7 * (29) | 8/8 (100) | nc | nc | |
p-value | 0.47 | 0.036 | / | / |
Mean VNA (IU/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Challenge Virus | Immunization 5 IU/Dose | Immunization 1 IU/Dose | p-Value |
CVS-27 | 75.4 (13.8–287) | 43.0 (2–165) | 0.007 |
EBLV-1b | 48.2 (6.7–244) | 21.8 (1.3–35.4) | 0.232 |
EBLV-2 | 9.2 (0.5–33) | 7.2 (0.1–29.4) | 0.133 |
BBLV | 21.4 (1.3–81.1) | 11.2 (0.1–35.4) | 0.115 |
Mean VNA (IU/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Challenge Virus | Immunization 5 IU/Dose | Immunization 1 IU/Dose | p-Value |
CVS-27 | 63.2 (0.9–125.6) | 167.2 (41.6–287) | nc |
EBLV-1b | 15.9 (3.8–45.6) | 16 (6.6–34.6) | 0.422 |
EBLV-2 | 18.9 (2.7–97.5) | 4.4 (1.2–10.9) | 0.056 |
BBLV | 41.2 (1.7–81.1) | 11.5 (5.1–35.4) | 0.151 |
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Servat, A.; Wasniewski, M.; Cliquet, F. Cross-Protection of Inactivated Rabies Vaccines for Veterinary Use against Bat Lyssaviruses Occurring in Europe. Viruses 2019, 11, 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100936
Servat A, Wasniewski M, Cliquet F. Cross-Protection of Inactivated Rabies Vaccines for Veterinary Use against Bat Lyssaviruses Occurring in Europe. Viruses. 2019; 11(10):936. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100936
Chicago/Turabian StyleServat, Alexandre, Marine Wasniewski, and Florence Cliquet. 2019. "Cross-Protection of Inactivated Rabies Vaccines for Veterinary Use against Bat Lyssaviruses Occurring in Europe" Viruses 11, no. 10: 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11100936