Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Indicators
- Forest area—indicator for SFM (C&I CRITERION 1 Maintenance and Appropriate Enhancement of Forest Resources and their Contribution to Global Carbon Cycles, Indicator 1.1 Forest area [28]). For the purpose of this study the term “forest area” refers to the area (ha) physically covered by forests (or temporarily deprived of them), exclusive of lands associated with forest management, defined as “Land occupied for use for forest management purposes: buildings and structures, forest zoning lines, forest roads, forest nurseries, timber storage areas, water reclamation facilities, land under power lines, forest parking lots, and tourist facilities.” (Forest Act [21]). Being the most complex plant formation, forests constitute an indispensable component of the landscape. Their area represents their share in the landscape, in other words forest cover is understood as the percentage ratio (%) of forest area to the total geodetic area of the country [30];
- Forest fragmentation—indicator for SFM (C&I, Indicator 4.7 Forest fragmentation [28]. There were examined: the number of forest patches (items), average forest patch size (ha), the share of separated forest patches and of continuous forest (%), as well as by the share of forests patches of different size in total forest area (%). The way the forest is shaped (continuous stands vs. isolated patches, smaller vs. larger patches) is not without influence on landscape mosaicity. Forest fragmentation translates into conditions for maintenance and enhancement of ecosystems, species and gene pool;
- Protected forests—indicator for SFM (C&I, Indicator 4.9 Protected forests [28]). This indicator was considered in view of a broader approach assumed by Mederski et al. [17], i.e., “Forest functions—protection vs. economic role”. In this study, the emphasis was put on nature conservation forms that are crucial for the protection of forest biodiversity as well as changes of their area (ha). At the landscape level, protected forests can be distinguished from managed forests, by giving the impression of “more natural”. At the same time they provide favorable conditions to support natural processes and safeguard valuable habitats and species;
- Protective forests—indicator for SFM (C&I, Indicator 5.1 Protective forests—soil, water, and other ecosystem functions—infrastructure and managed natural resources [28]). Likewise in the case of C&I Indicator 4.9, this one was considered in view of a broader context proposed by Mederski et al. [17] “Forest functions—protection vs. economic role”. The present paper focused on the protective forests established with the aim to enhance biodiversity conservation, and they were characterized with reference to changes in their surface area (ha). The protective forests analyzed under this study are to a big extent analogous to protected forests;
- Harvesting intensity—this indicator covers a complex issue, for which the most important indicator is the intensity of the use of annual wood increment (fellings as percent of net annual increment). It refers to: C&I for SFM [28], i.e., CRITERION 3 Maintenance and Encouragement of Productive Functions of Forests (Wood and Non-Wood), Indicator 3.1 Increment and fellings. Based on the latter and taking into account total growing stock in m3 (C&I Indicator 1.2 Growing stock [28]), harvested timber volume (net, without bark, in m3 —as in the indicator Wood production proposed by Mederski et al. [17]), as well as average growing stock density (standing timber volume m3 per ha of forest area), was assessed in view of relationships between harvesting intensity and sustainability and quality of the forest landscape.
2.2. Scope of Analyses
2.3. Sources of Information
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Forest Area
3.2. Forest Fragmentation
3.3. Protected Forests
3.4. Protective Forests
3.5. Harvesting Intensity
3.6. Issues and Directions of the Protection of Forest Landscape in Poland
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Forest area [thousand ha] | 6915 | 7684 | 8432 | 8622 | 8694 | 8865 | 9121 | 9260 |
Forest cover [%] | 22.2 | 24.6 | 27.0 | 27.6 | 27.8 | 28.4 | 29.2 | 29.6 |
Forests managed by SF [thousand ha] | 5740 | 6136 | 6503 | 6716 | 6805 | 6953 | 7072 | 7121 |
Share of forests managed by SF in total forest area [%] | 83.0 | 79.9 | 77.1 | 78.0 | 78.3 | 78.4 | 77.5 | 76.9 |
Year | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of forest patches [items] | n.a. | n.a. | 23,020 1 | n.a. | n.a. | 8666 | n.a. | 8647 |
Average forest patch size [ha] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 1324 | n.a. | 1325 |
Separated forest patches [%] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 4.4 | n.a. | 4.5 |
Continuous forest [%] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 95.6 | n.a. | 95.5 |
Share of forest patches up to 10,000 ha in total forest area [%] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 16.3 | n.a. | 16.3 |
Share of forest patches larger than 10,001 ha [%] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 83.7 | n.a. | 83.7 |
Year | PL/SF | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
National parks [thousand ha] | PL | 10.5 | 55.9 | 66.9 | 82.9 | 118.8 | 190.9 | 194.7 | 195.2 |
SF | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Nature reserves [thousand ha] | PL | 0.02 | 16.3 | >10.4 1 | >16.7 1 | >35.9 1 | 84.2 | 99.2 | 117.8 |
SF | 0.02 | n.a. | 28.3 2 | 25.4 3 | 42.6 | 66.0 | 88.9 | 104.5 | |
Landscape parks [thousand ha] | PL | - | - | - | 109.8 | 687.7 | 1345.9 | >1421.1 4 | 1446.9 |
SF | - | - | - | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 1137.0 5 | 1256.7 6 | |
Landscape protection areas [thousand ha] | PL | - | - | - | 283.4 | 2113.8 | 2856.5 | >2227.9 | 2942.3 |
SF | - | - | - | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 2244.6 5 | 2467.6 6 | |
Natura 2000 network [thousand ha] | PL | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2767.8 4 | 3243.8 |
SF | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2780 7 | 2888 7 |
Year | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1.1 [thousand ha] | 6.8 | <29.6 | <25.8 | 22.7 | 30.4 | 51.3 | 55.6 | 72.4 |
Class 1.2 [thousand ha] | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Class 1.3 [thousand ha] | 3.6 | <58.9 | >61.8 | 76.9 | 150.8 | 226.3 | 243.8 | 3019.7 |
Class 2 [thousand ha] | - | - | - | 109.8 | 687.7 | 1346 | 1308 | 457.2 |
Year | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water conservation forests [thousand ha] | - | n.a. | 205.7 1 | 240.2 | 559.6 | 1231.8 | 1490.5 | 1552.3 |
Landscape forests [thousand ha] | - | n.a. | 637.1 1 | 705.2 | 654.3 | 66.6 | - | - |
Valuable natural forests [thousand ha] | - | - | - | - | - | 44.7 | 139.7 | 577.1 |
Animal refuges [thousand ha] | - | - | - | - | - | 67.2 | 73.8 | 64.1 |
Total area of the analyzed protective forests [thousand ha] | - | n.a. | 842.8 | 945.4 | 1213.9 | 1410.3 | 1704.0 | 2193.5 |
Year | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total growing stock [million m3] | 735 | 819 | 941 | 1087 | 1280 | 1480 | 1886 | 2067 |
Harvesting [thousand m3] | 14,531 | 18,040 | 19,814 | 20,738 | 16,947 | 25,718 | 33,769 | 38,232 |
Relation of timber harvest to annual increment [%] | 51.6 | 57.7 | 74.6 | 50.5 | 49.9 | 58.7 | 61.7 | 73.6 1 |
Average growing stock density [m3/ha] | 128 | 133 | 145 | 162 | 188 | 213 | 267 | 290 |
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Referowska-Chodak, E.; Kornatowska, B. Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests. Forests 2021, 12, 1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121682
Referowska-Chodak E, Kornatowska B. Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests. Forests. 2021; 12(12):1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121682
Chicago/Turabian StyleReferowska-Chodak, Ewa, and Bożena Kornatowska. 2021. "Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests" Forests 12, no. 12: 1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121682
APA StyleReferowska-Chodak, E., & Kornatowska, B. (2021). Effects of Forestry Transformation on the Landscape Level of Biodiversity in Poland’s Forests. Forests, 12(12), 1682. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12121682