An Efficient Closed-Form Formula for Evaluating r-Flip Moves in Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (a)
- The execution of an implementation of an r-flip local search, for a larger value of r, can be computationally expensive to execute. This is because the size of the search space is of order n chosen r, and for fixed values of n, it grows quickly in r for the value of . Hence, smaller values of r, especially r equal to 1 and 2, have shown considerable success.
- (b)
- In practice, an r-flip local search process with a small value of r (e.g., r = 1) can quickly reach local optimality. Thus, as a way to escape 1-flip local optimality, researchers have tried to dynamically change the value of r as the search progressed. This offers an opportunity to expand the search to a more diverse solution space.
Previous Works
- n: The number of variables;
- x: A starting feasible solution;
- x*: The best solution found so far by the algorithm;
- K: The largest value of k for r-flip, k r;
- Π(i): The i-th element of x in the order π(1)⋯π(n);
- S: = {i:xi is tentatively chosen to receive a new value to produce a new solution xi′} restricting consideration to |S| = r;
- D: The set of candidates for an improving move;
- Tabu_ten: The maximum number of iterations for which a variable can remain tabu;
- Tabu(i): A vector representing tabu status of x;
- : Derivative of f(x) with respect to ;
- The vector of derivatives;
- X(.): A vector representing the solution of x;
- E(.): A vector representing the value of derivative .
Algorithm 1: 1-flip local search. |
Initialize: n, x, evaluate the vector E(x) Flag = 1 1 Do while (Flag = 1) 2 Flag = 0 3 Randomly choose a sequence of integers 1,…,n. 4 Do I = 5 If ): , update the vector E(x) using Equation (6), Flag = 1 6 End do 7 End while |
Algorithm 2: Exhaustive r-flip local search. |
Initialize: n, x, evaluate the vector E(x), value of r Flag = 1 1 Do while (Flag = 1) 2 Flag = 0 3 For each combination , Equation (7): > 0: , update E(x) using Equation (8), Flag = 1 4 End while |
2. New Results on Closed-Form Formulas
2.1. Strategy 1
- I.
- The smaller the value of is, the more likely that is involved in an improving k-flip move for k ≤ r (this might be due to the fact that the right-hand-side value M in Equation (20) for a given r is constant. Thus, smaller values of on the left-hand side might help to satisfy the inequality more easily.
- II.
- Because the elements of D(n) are in ascending order of absolute values of derivatives, a straightforward implementable series of alternatives to be considered for improving subsets, S, may be the elements of the set given in Equation (22). Note that there are many more subsets of D(n) compared to the sets in Equation (21) that are candidates for consideration in possible k-flip moves. Here, we only provide one possible efficient implementable strategy.
2.2. Strategy 2
- Step 1. Randomly initialize a solution to the problem. For each value of r, calculate M. Apply the algorithm in Algorithm 1 and generate a locally optimal solution x with respect to a 1-flip search. However, in Step 5 of Algorithm 1, only consider the derivatives with .
- Step 2. Find the number of elements in set D(1) for x.
- Step 3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 200 times for each problem and find the average number of elements in set D(1) for the same size problem, density, and r-value.
2.3. Implementation Details
Algorithm 3: r-flip local search: strategy 1 |
Initialize: n, x, evaluate vector E(x), value of r, M Flag = 1 1 Do while (Flag = 1) 2 Flag = 0 3 Call 1-flip local search: Algorithm 1 4 Sort variables according to using Inequality (20) evaluate value of K 5 For 6 For , evaluate ∆f using Equation (7). 7 If > 0: update E(x) using Equation (8), Flag = 1, go to Step 1 8 End for 9 End while |
Algorithm 4: r-flip local search: strategy 2 |
Initialize: n, x, evaluate E(x), value of r, M Flag = 1 1 Do while (Flag = 1) 2 Flag 3 Call 1-flip local search: Algorithm 1 4 Randomly choose a sequence 5 For: 6 If using Equation (7) 7 If > 0: update E(x) using Equation (8), Flag =1, go to Step 1 8 End for 9 End while |
Algorithm 5: Hybrid r-flip/1-flip local search embedded with a simple tabu search algorithm |
Initialize: n, x, tabu list, evaluate E(x), value of r, M, tabu tenure Call local search: Algorithm 4 Do while (until some stopping criteria, e.g., CPU time limit, is reached) Call Destruction() Call Construction() Call randChange() End while |
- Step 3a. Find the variable that is not on the tabu list and lead to the small change to the solution when the variable is flipped.
- Step 3b. Change its value, place it on the tabu list to update the tabu list, and update E(x).
- Step 3c. Test whether there is any variable that is not on the tabu list and that can improve the solution. If not, go to Step 3a.
- Step 4a. Test all of the variables that are not on the tabu list. If a solution better than the current best solution is found, change its value, place it on the tabu list, update E(x), update the tabu list, and go to Step 1.
- Step 4b. Find the index i corresponding to the greatest value of E(xi), change its value of xi, place it on the tabu list to update the tabu list, and update E(x).
- Step 4c. If this is the 15th iteration in the Construction() procedure, go to Step 1.
- Step 4d. Test whether there is any variable that is not on the tabu list and that can improve the solution. If not, go to Step 3a. If yes, go to Step 4a.
3. Computational Results
- OFV: The value of the objective function for the best solution found by each algorithm;
- BFS: The best solution found among algorithms within the CPU time limit;
- TB [s]: Time for each algorithm to reach the best solution in seconds;
- AT [s]: Average computing time out of 10 runs to reach OFV;
- DT: % Deviation of computing time out of 10 runs to reach OFV.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Numerical Example for Theorem 1 and Proposition 1
x(.) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
E(.) | 624 | 177 | −74 | −459 | 209 | −7 | 44 | −7 | −120 | 523 | −124 | 233 | 22 | 114 | −3 | 431 | 375 | −89 | 242 | −66 | |
f(x) | 1528 | 624 | 127 | 0 | 0 | 55 | 0 | 70 | 0 | 0 | 383 | 0 | 3 | 58 | 104 | 0 | 89 | −5 | 0 | 20 | 0 |
x(.) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
E(.) | 646 | 267 | −204 | −463 | 275 | −83 | −120 | 199 | −270 | 367 | −78 | 269 | 58 | 348 | 49 | 347 | 361 | −123 | 78 | 64 | |
f(x) | 1684 | 646 | 217 | 0 | 0 | 121 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 0 | 315 | 0 | 83 | 10 | 240 | −39 | 99 | −31 | 0 | −34 | 22 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1684 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1646 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1633 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1616 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1601 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1530 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1528 |
Study | r-Flip Rules |
---|---|
Debevre, P, Sugimura, M, and Parizy, M, Ieee Access, 2023 [2]. | The automotive paint shop problem was formulated as QUBO, then 1-flip and multiple flip moves provided for the solution. |
Glover, F, and Hao, J-K, Int. J. Metaheuristics, 2010 [6]. | An efficient evaluation of 2-flip moves for QUBO was presented. |
Glover, F, and Hao, J-K, Annals of Operations Research, 2016 [7]. | A class of approaches called f-flip strategies that include a fractional value for f is provided for QUBO. |
Lozano, M, Molina, D, and Garcia-Martinez, C, European Journal of Operational Research, 2011 [10]. | A maximum diversity QUBO problem was considered with an added number of variables that must be equal to an integer m. A 2-flip strategy with computational experiment was presented. |
Alidaee, B., G. Kochenberger, and H. Wang, Int. J. Appl. Metaheuristic Comput., 2010 [11]. | Several theoretical results for r-flip moves in a general pseudo-Boolean optimization including QUBO were demonstrated. |
Anacleto, E, Meneses, C, Ravelo, S, Computers & Operations Research, 2020 [12]. | Two closed-form formulas for evaluating r-flip moves were presented. The effectiveness of the moves was evaluated experimentally. |
Anacleto, E, Meneses, C, and Liang, T, Computers & Operations Research, 2021 [13]. | An r-flip move strategy for a quadratic assignment problem that can be transferred to QUBO was considered. A closed-form formula and experimental evaluations were considered. |
Katayama, K, and Naihisa, H, in: W. Hart, N. Krasnogor, J.E. Smith (Eds.), Recent Advances in Memetic Algorithms, Springer, Berlin, 2004 [30]. | A k-flip move in the context of a memetic algorithm was presented. |
Liang, R.N, Anacleto, E.A.J, and Meneses, C.N. Computers & Operations Research, 2023 [31]. | A closed-form formula for pseudo-Boolean optimization and data structure for efficient implementation of the 1-flip rule was presented. |
Merz, P, and Freisleben, B, Journal of Heuristics, 2002 [32]. | Provided 1-flip and multiple-flip strategies for QUBO and provided a computational experiment. |
Rosenberg, G., Vazifeh, M, Woods, B, and Haber, E, Computational Optimization and Applications, 2016 [33]. | A k-flip strategy in the context of a quantum annealer was presented. |
Alidaee, B., Wang, H., and Liu, W. Working Paper, WP 2021-002. Texas A&M International University, 2022 [34]. | New Results on Closed-Form Formulas for Evaluating r-flip Moves in Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization. |
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r = 2 | r = 3 | r = 4 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density | ||||||||||||
Prob. Size | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
2500 | <100 | <40 | <30 | <20 | <400 | <200 | <100 | <100 | <1000 | <500 | <300 | <200 |
3000 | <100 | <40 | <30 | <20 | <400 | <200 | <100 | <100 | <1100 | <500 | <400 | <250 |
4000 | <100 | <30 | <30 | <20 | <500 | <200 | <100 | <100 | <1200 | <600 | <400 | <250 |
5000 | <100 | <30 | <30 | <20 | <500 | <200 | <100 | <100 | <1300 | <600 | <400 | <250 |
6000 | <100 | <30 | <30 | <20 | <500 | <200 | <100 | <100 | <1400 | <600 | <400 | <250 |
Instance ID | Algorithm 3 | Algorithm 4 | Algorithm 5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | Density | OFV | TB (s) | OFV | TB (s) | OFV | TB (s) | |
p30000_1 | 30,000 | 0.5 | 127,239,168 | 591 | 127,292,467 | 591 | 127,336,719 | 592 |
p30000_2 | 30,000 | 0.8 | 158,439,036 | 572 | 158,472,098 | 555 | 158,526,518 | 571 |
p30000_3 | 30,000 | 1 | 179,192,241 | 584 | 179,219,781 | 587 | 179,261,723 | 590 |
Instance ID | MST2 with 60 s | r-Flip with 60 s | MST2 with 600 s | r-Flip with 600 s | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size | Density | r = 1 | r = 2 | r = 1 | r = 2 | |||
p3000_1 | 3000 | 0.5 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p3000_2 | 3000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p3000_3 | 3000 | 0.8 | 4 (0.01) | 7 (0.007) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p3000_4 | 3000 | 1 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p3000_5 | 3000 | 1 | 10 (0) | 9 (0.003) | 7 (0.002) | 9 (0.001) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p4000_1 | 4000 | 0.5 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p4000_2 | 4000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 9 (0.004) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p4000_3 | 4000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p4000_4 | 4000 | 1 | 1 (0.033) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p4000_5 | 4000 | 1 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p5000_1 | 5000 | 0.5 | 6 (0.000) | 1 (0.002) | 2 (0.002) | 10 (0) | 3 (0.002) | 2 (0.002) |
p5000_2 | 5000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 4 (0.003) | 1 (0.002) | 6 (0.012) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p5000_3 | 5000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 7 (0.001) | 3 (0.002) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p5000_4 | 5000 | 1 | 10 (0) | 1 (0.002) | 1 (0.001) | 10 (0) | 3 (0.002) | 1 (0.001) |
p5000_5 | 5000 | 1 | 6 (0.021) | 9 (0.003) | 4 (0.004) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p6000_1 | 6000 | 0.5 | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 4 (0.001) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p6000_2 | 6000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 4 (0.001) | 4 (0.001) | 1 (0.006) | 10 (0) | 9 (0) |
p6000_3 | 6000 | 1 | 9 (0.002) | 3 (0.002) | 1 (0.007) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p7000_1 | 7000 | 0.5 | 1 (0.002) | 1 (0.006) | 1 (0.007) | 10 (0) | 2 (0.002) | 4 (0.002) |
p7000_2 | 7000 | 0.8 | 7 (0.000) | 1 (0.008) | 1 (0.008) | 10 (0) | 1 (0.004) | 2 (0.004) |
p7000_3 | 7000 | 1 | 8 (0.011) | 3 (0.021) | 5 (0.023) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) | 10 (0) |
p8000_1 | 8000 | 0.5 | 10 (0) | 1 (0.004) | 1 (0.005) | 9 (0.001) | 10 (0) | 1 (0.002) |
p8000_2 | 8000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 1 (0.009) | 1 (0.008) | 10 (0) | 7 (0.003) | 10 (0) |
p8000_3 | 8000 | 1 | 10 (0) | 1 (0.013) | 1 (0.01) | 10 (0) | 4 (0.001) | 3 (0.002) |
p30000_1 | 30,000 | 0.5 | 1 (0.002) | 1 (0.023) | 1 (0.019) | 7 (0.018) | 1 (0.017) | 1 (0.011) |
p30000_2 | 30,000 | 0.8 | 10 (0) | 1 (0.017) | 1 (0.016) | 6 (0.01) | 1 (0.019) | 1 (0.013) |
p30000_3 | 30,000 | 1 | 10 (0) | 1 (0.015) | 1 (0.019) | 2 (0.037) | 1 (0.025) | 1 (0.019) |
Instance ID | BFS (60 s) | MST2 (60 s) | r-Flip (60 s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OFV | TB (s) | OFV (r = 1) | TB (s) | OFV (r = 2) | TB (s) | ||
p3000_1 | 3,931,583 | 3,931,583 | 10 | 3,931,583 | 3 | 3,931,583 | 8 |
p3000_2 | 5,193,073 | 5,193,073 | 25 | 5,193,073 | 2 | 5,193,073 | 2 |
p3000_3 | 5,111,533 | 5,111,533 | 52 | 5,111,533 | 8 | 5,111,533 | 4 |
p3000_4 | 5,761,822 | 5,761,437 | 10 | 5,761,822 | 2 | 5,761,822 | 2 |
p3000_5 | 5,675,625 | 5,675,430 | 24 | 5,675,625 | 7 | 5,675,625 | 17 |
p4000_1 | 6,181,830 | 6,181,830 | 40 | 6,181,830 | 3 | 6,181,830 | 4 |
p4000_2 | 7,801,355 | 7,797,821 | 12 | 7,801,355 | 13 | 7,801,355 | 4 |
p4000_3 | 7,741,685 | 7,741,685 | 31 | 7,741,685 | 5 | 7,741,685 | 8 |
p4000_4 | 8,711,822 | 8,709,956 | 58 | 8,711,822 | 5 | 8,711,822 | 11 |
p4000_5 | 8,908,979 | 8,905,340 | 27 | 8,908,979 | 4 | 8,908,979 | 13 |
p5000_1 | 8,559,680 | 8,556,675 | 56 | 8,559,680 | 21 | 8,559,680 | 7 |
p5000_2 | 10,836,019 | 10,829,848 | 34 | 10,836,019 | 59 | 10,836,019 | 11 |
p5000_3 | 10,489,137 | 10,477,129 | 28 | 10,489,137 | 20 | 10,489,137 | 16 |
p5000_4 | 12,251,710 | 12,245,282 | 52 | 12,251,710 | 54 | 12,251,520 | 42 |
p5000_5 | 12,731,803 | 12,725,779 | 56 | 12,731,803 | 17 | 12,731,803 | 16 |
p6000_1 | 11,384,976 | 11,377,315 | 42 | 11,384,976 | 12 | 11,384,976 | 5 |
p6000_2 | 14,333,855 | 14,330,032 | 39 | 14,333,855 | 27 | 14,333,767 | 14 |
p6000_3 | 16,132,915 | 16,122,333 | 51 | 16,130,731 | 24 | 16,132,915 | 48 |
p7000_1 | 14,477,949 | 14,467,157 | 56 | 14,477,949 | 41 | 14,476,263 | 21 |
p7000_2 | 18,249,948 | 18,238,729 | 55 | 18,249,948 | 47 | 18,246,895 | 47 |
p7000_3 | 20,446,407 | 20,431,354 | 59 | 20,446,407 | 15 | 20,446,407 | 12 |
p8000_1 | 17,340,538 | 17,326,259 | 47 | 17,340,538 | 26 | 17,340,538 | 35 |
p8000_2 | 22,208,986 | 22,180,465 | 55 | 22,208,986 | 54 | 22,208,683 | 53 |
p8000_3 | 24,670,258 | 24,647,248 | 56 | 24,670,258 | 43 | 24,669,351 | 50 |
p30000_1 | 127,252,438 | 126,732,48,3 | 60 | 127,252,438 | 58 | 127,219,336 | 60 |
p30000_2 | 158,384,175 | 157,481,366 | 69 | 158,384,175 | 59 | 158,339,497 | 60 |
p30000_3 | 179,103,085 | 178,093,109 | 89 | 179,103,085 | 58 | 179,029,747 | 54 |
Instance ID | BFS (600 s) | MST2 (600 s) | r-Flip (600 s) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OFV | TB (s) | OFV (r = 1) | TB (s) | OFV (r = 2) | TB (s) | ||
p3000_1 | 3,931,583 | 3,931,583 | 11 | 3,931,583 | 5 | 3,931,583 | 5 |
p3000_2 | 5,193,073 | 5,193,073 | 25 | 5,193,073 | 1 | 5,193,073 | 3 |
p3000_3 | 5,111,533 | 5,111,533 | 52 | 5,111,533 | 30 | 5,111,533 | 8 |
p3000_4 | 5,761,822 | 5,761,822 | 269 | 5,761,822 | 1 | 5,761,822 | 2 |
p3000_5 | 5,675,625 | 5,675,625 | 505 | 5,675,625 | 43 | 5,675,625 | 29 |
p4000_1 | 6,181,830 | 6,181,830 | 40 | 6,181,830 | 4 | 6,181,830 | 2 |
p4000_2 | 7,801,355 | 7,800,851 | 530 | 7,801,355 | 8 | 7,801,355 | 8 |
p4000_3 | 7,741,685 | 7,741,685 | 30 | 7,741,685 | 5 | 7,741,685 | 2 |
p4000_4 | 8,711,822 | 8,711,822 | 67 | 8,711,822 | 2 | 8,711,822 | 7 |
p4000_5 | 8,908,979 | 8,906,525 | 65 | 8,908,979 | 4 | 8,908,979 | 13 |
p5000_1 | 8,559,680 | 8,559,075 | 324 | 8,559,680 | 9 | 8,559,680 | 27 |
p5000_2 | 10,836,019 | 10,835,437 | 541 | 10,836,019 | 17 | 10,836,019 | 21 |
p5000_3 | 10,489,137 | 10,488,735 | 400 | 10,489,137 | 29 | 10,489,137 | 38 |
p5000_4 | 12,252,318 | 12,249,290 | 265 | 12,252,318 | 127 | 12,251,848 | 143 |
p5000_5 | 12,731,803 | 12,731,803 | 265 | 12,731,803 | 19 | 12,731,803 | 32 |
p6000_1 | 11,384,976 | 11,384,976 | 406 | 11,384,976 | 8 | 11,384,976 | 39 |
p6000_2 | 14,333,855 | 14,333,767 | 498 | 14,333,855 | 62 | 14,333,855 | 17 |
p6000_3 | 16,132,915 | 16,128,609 | 239 | 16,132,915 | 60 | 16,132,915 | 71 |
p7000_1 | 14,478,676 | 14,477,039 | 344 | 14,478,676 | 92 | 14,478,676 | 397 |
p7000_2 | 18,249,948 | 18,242,205 | 587 | 18,249,948 | 115 | 18,249,844 | 43 |
p7000_3 | 20,446,407 | 20,431,833 | 109 | 20,446,407 | 47 | 20,446,407 | 21 |
p8000_1 | 17,341,350 | 17,337,154 | 546 | 17,340,538 | 45 | 17,341,350 | 141 |
p8000_2 | 22,208,986 | 22,207,866 | 122 | 22,208,986 | 49 | 22,208,986 | 89 |
p8000_3 | 24,670,924 | 24,669,797 | 402 | 24,670,924 | 185 | 24,670,924 | 386 |
p30000_1 | 127,336,719 | 127,323,304 | 568 | 127,332,912 | 598 | 127,336,719 | 592 |
p30000_2 | 158,561,564 | 158,438,942 | 573 | 158,561,564 | 580 | 158,526,518 | 571 |
p30000_3 | 179,329,754 | 179,113,916 | 575 | 179,329,754 | 599 | 179,261,723 | 590 |
Instance ID | MST2 | 1-Flip | 2-Flip | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AT (s) | DT | AT (s) | DT | AT (s) | DT | |
p3000_1 | 12.5 | 15.663 | 15.7 | 84.075 | 24.1 | 56.875 |
p3000_2 | 32.5 | 20.059 | 4.9 | 45.583 | 4.8 | 68.606 |
p3000_3 | 54.3 | 5.901 | 29.3 | 46.180 | 12.0 | 60.477 |
p3000_4 | 13.3 | 18.434 | 12.0 | 107.798 | 10.0 | 51.640 |
p3000_5 | 30.4 | 15.829 | 33.2 | 45.470 | 32.3 | 48.240 |
p4000_1 | 49.0 | 10.227 | 7.7 | 50.131 | 9.3 | 36.570 |
p4000_2 | 14.2 | 9.848 | 22.1 | 62.351 | 21.1 | 70.476 |
p4000_3 | 35.4 | 11.236 | 15.1 | 69.699 | 16.5 | 75.542 |
p4000_4 | 58.0 | 0 | 22.2 | 65.408 | 35.4 | 45.780 |
p4000_5 | 31.1 | 11.082 | 18.1 | 73.038 | 29.6 | 40.109 |
p5000_1 | 56.8 | 2.339 | 4.0 | 0 | 10.0 | 42.426 |
p5000_2 | 35.0 | 3.563 | 28.3 | 74.329 | 11.0 | 0 |
p5000_3 | 30.0 | 8.607 | 38.9 | 33.038 | 33.0 | 50.069 |
p5000_4 | 54.0 | 5.238 | 54.0 | 0 | 42.0 | 0 |
p5000_5 | 57.2 | 1.317 | 38.8 | 40.504 | 30.5 | 63.379 |
p6000_1 | 43.3 | 5.112 | 32.9 | 47.380 | 21.8 | 67.507 |
p6000_2 | 39.8 | 4.238 | 31.8 | 51.521 | 42.3 | 46.315 |
p6000_3 | 52.1 | 5.027 | 32.3 | 44.640 | 48.0 | 0 |
p7000_1 | 56.0 | 0 | 41.0 | 0 | 21.0 | 0 |
p7000_2 | 55.3 | 1.367 | 47.0 | 0 | 47.0 | 0 |
p7000_3 | 59.0 | 0 | 42.0 | 56.293 | 35.2 | 45.958 |
p8000_1 | 48.1 | 7.232 | 26.0 | 0 | 35.0 | 0 |
p8000_2 | 55.9 | 0.566 | 54.0 | 0 | 53.0 | 0 |
p8000_3 | 57.2 | 1.806 | 43.0 | 0 | 50.0 | 0 |
p30000_1 | 60.0 | 0 | 58.0 | 0 | 60.0 | 0 |
p30000_2 | 70.0 | 1.166 | 59.0 | 0 | 60.0 | 0 |
p30000_3 | 90.3 | 0.912 | 58.0 | 0 | 54.0 | 0 |
Instance ID | MST2 | 1-Flip | 2-Flip | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AT (s) | DT | AT (s) | DT | AT (s) | DT | |
p3000_1 | 11.9 | 16.067 | 21.3 | 62.678 | 37.8 | 130.045 |
p3000_2 | 29.1 | 18.144 | 5.5 | 69.234 | 7.7 | 81.231 |
p3000_3 | 58.5 | 16.889 | 126.4 | 99.610 | 143.6 | 116.812 |
p3000_4 | 292.1 | 11.285 | 10.8 | 58.365 | 13.7 | 49.512 |
p3000_5 | 543.9 | 6.365 | 109.1 | 88.328 | 164.3 | 72.144 |
p4000_1 | 42.8 | 7.773 | 13.5 | 63.553 | 15.1 | 63.861 |
p4000_2 | 552.2 | 2.597 | 30.7 | 49.923 | 37.0 | 110.712 |
p4000_3 | 31.7 | 7.293 | 18.8 | 57.442 | 22.9 | 47.545 |
p4000_4 | 70.8 | 4.094 | 42.2 | 102.331 | 48.7 | 115.376 |
p4000_5 | 70.5 | 8.596 | 25.3 | 81.984 | 43.0 | 69.595 |
p5000_1 | 337.2 | 4.265 | 70.7 | 126.287 | 48.0 | 61.872 |
p5000_2 | 557.8 | 4.565 | 135.4 | 96.462 | 210.6 | 67.670 |
p5000_3 | 428.5 | 7.257 | 115.8 | 96.524 | 115.5 | 104.238 |
p5000_4 | 279.4 | 5.987 | 270.3 | 48.842 | 143.0 | 0 |
p5000_5 | 287.1 | 9.234 | 194.5 | 94.641 | 172.7 | 92.268 |
p6000_1 | 424.8 | 4.555 | 152.9 | 95.641 | 145.9 | 46.657 |
p6000_2 | 498.0 | 0 | 142.5 | 97.375 | 73.8 | 122.070 |
p6000_3 | 252.3 | 5.571 | 248.0 | 51.129 | 318.1 | 61.672 |
p7000_1 | 344.5 | 0.153 | 272.5 | 93.675 | 441.5 | 12.974 |
p7000_2 | 587.0 | 0 | 115.0 | 0 | 265.1 | 76.694 |
p7000_3 | 109.0 | 0 | 84.5 | 39.472 | 131.1 | 55.401 |
p8000_1 | 548.6 | 1.398 | 251.3 | 63.346 | 141.0 | 0 |
p8000_2 | 145.4 | 11.829 | 258.3 | 56.352 | 300.7 | 56.001 |
p8000_3 | 514.3 | 11.365 | 368.8 | 43.667 | 417.3 | 12.797 |
p30000_1 | 572.0 | 1.365 | 598.0 | 0 | 592.0 | 0 |
p30000_2 | 581.5 | 1.526 | 580.0 | 0 | 571.0 | 0 |
p30000_3 | 586.5 | 2.773 | 599.0 | 0 | 590.0 | 0 |
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Share and Cite
Alidaee, B.; Wang, H.; Sua, L.S. An Efficient Closed-Form Formula for Evaluating r-Flip Moves in Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization. Algorithms 2023, 16, 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120557
Alidaee B, Wang H, Sua LS. An Efficient Closed-Form Formula for Evaluating r-Flip Moves in Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization. Algorithms. 2023; 16(12):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120557
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlidaee, Bahram, Haibo Wang, and Lutfu S. Sua. 2023. "An Efficient Closed-Form Formula for Evaluating r-Flip Moves in Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization" Algorithms 16, no. 12: 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/a16120557