Calcium Orthophosphate Cements and Concretes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Ca/P ionic ratio | Compound and its abbreviation | Chemical formula | Solubility at 25 °C, – log(Ks) | Solubility at 25 °C, g/L | Stability in aqueous solutions at 25 °C (pH range) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) | Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O | 1.14 | ~ 18 | 0.0 – 2.0 |
0.5 | Monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (MCPA) | Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.14 | ~ 17 | [c] |
1.0 | Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), mineral brushite | CaHPO4·2H2O | 6.59 | ~ 0.088 | 2.0 – 6.0 |
1.0 | Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), mineral monetite | CaHPO4 | 6.90 | ~ 0.048 | [c] |
1.33 | Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) | Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4·5H2O | 96.6 | ~ 0.0081 | 5.5 – 7.0 |
1.5 | α-Tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) | α-Ca3(PO4)2 | 25.5 | ~ 0.0025 | [a] |
1.5 | β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) | β-Ca3(PO4)2 | 28.9 | ~ 0.0005 | [a] |
1.2 – 2.2 | Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) | CaxHy(PO4)z·nH2O, n = 3 – 4.5; 15 – 20% H2O | [b] | [b] | ~ 5 – 12 [d] |
1.5 – 1.67 | Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)[e] | Ca10-x(HPO4)x(PO4)6-x(OH)2-x[f] (0 < x < 1) | ~ 85.1 | ~ 0.0094 | 6.5 – 9.5 |
1.67 | Hydroxyapatite (HA) | Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 | 116.8 | ~ 0.0003 | 9.5 – 12 |
1.67 | Fluorapatite (FA) | Ca10(PO4)6F2 | 120.0 | ~ 0.0002 | 7 – 12 |
2.0 | Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), mineral hilgenstockite | Ca4(PO4)2O | 38 - 44 | ~ 0.0007 | [a] |
2. Calcium Orthophosphate Cements
2.1. General Information and Brief History
2.2. Composition and Crystallization
2.3. Chemistry
2.4. Market
Product* | Manufacturer | Applications* |
---|---|---|
BoneSourceTM** | Striker Howmedica Osteonics (Rutherford, NJ) | Craniofacial |
α-Bone Substitute Material (α-BSM®)*** | Etex Corporation (Cambridge, MA) | Filling of bone defects and voids, dental, craniofacial |
Skeletal Repair Systems (SRS®) | Norian Corporation (Cupertino, CA) | Skeletal distal radius fractures, craniofacial |
3. Two Major Types of Calcium Orthophosphate Cements
3.1. Apatite Cements
3.2. Brushite Cements
4. Various Properties of Calcium Orthophosphate Cements
4.1. Setting and Hardening
4.2. Handling
4.3. Physical and Rheological Properties
4.4. Using Additives
Strategy | Approach | Sub-approaches |
---|---|---|
1. Dissolution rate | 1.1. Change contact area between reagent and mixing liquid | 1.1.1. Change milling duration |
1.1.2. Use nano- or micro-sized powders | ||
1.2. Change solubility in the mixing liquid | 1.2.1. Use more/less soluble phase | |
1.2.2. Change of reaction pH | ||
1.3. Change saturation of the mixing liquid | ||
1.4. Use dissolution inhibitors in the mixing liquid | ||
1.5. Modify reagent surface | 1.5.1. Chemical change (pre-reaction) | |
1.5.2. Physical change (dissolution pits) | ||
2. Nucleation rate | 2.1. Use crystallization nuclei | |
2.2. Change the saturation of the reaction product in the mixing liquid | 2.2.1. Change of saturation | |
2.2.2. Change of end-product solubility | ||
2.3. Use nucleation inhibitors | ||
3. Growth rate | 3.1. Change the saturation of the reaction product in the mixing liquid | 3.1.1. Change of saturation |
3.1.2. Change of end-product solubility | ||
3.2. Use crystal growth inhibitors |
5. Bioresorption and Replacement of the Cements by Bones
6. The Mechanical Properties
7. Reinforced Calcium Orthophosphate Cement Composites and Concretes
8. Clinical and Medical Applications
8.1. Dental Applications
8.2. Craniofacial and Maxillofacial Applications
8.3. Orthopedic Applications
8.4. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty
8.5. Drug Delivery
8.6. Brief Conclusions on the Medical Applications
9. Future Developments
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
|
|
10. Conclusions
References and Notes
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Dorozhkin, S.V. Calcium Orthophosphate Cements and Concretes. Materials 2009, 2, 221-291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2010221
Dorozhkin SV. Calcium Orthophosphate Cements and Concretes. Materials. 2009; 2(1):221-291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2010221
Chicago/Turabian StyleDorozhkin, Sergey V. 2009. "Calcium Orthophosphate Cements and Concretes" Materials 2, no. 1: 221-291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2010221