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Materials
Volume 18
Issue 23
10.3390/ma18235421
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Review

Advances in Titanium-Based Biomaterial for Human Bone Scaffolds: Narrative Review on Design, Fabrication, Surface Engineering, Implantation, and Biological Evaluation

by
Sichale W. Fita
1,*,
Mirosław Bonek
1,*,
Anna Woźniak
2 and
Sebastian Sławski
3
1
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
2
Department of Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
3
Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2025, 18(23), 5421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235421 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 October 2025 / Revised: 16 November 2025 / Accepted: 21 November 2025 / Published: 1 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Dentistry: Experiments and Practice)
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Abstract

The growing demand for reliable orthopedic implants has driven extensive research into biomaterials and metal alloys for the development of bone scaffolds. This review summarizes current progress in improving scaffold performance by optimizing mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and bone integration. Key studies on material choice, modeling methods, manufacturing techniques, and surface treatments are discussed, with a special focus on titanium-based alloys due to their favorable mechanical and biological properties. Computational tools, particularly finite element modeling, are increasingly used alongside experimental findings to illustrate mechanical behavior and to guide design of structures that more closely resemble natural bone. Both additive and traditional manufacturing routes are considered, emphasizing how porosity, geometry, and fabrication parameters affect mechanical stability and tissue response. Surface modification approaches, both physical and chemical can enhance cell attachment and antimicrobial function. Overall, this paper shows how combining materials science, mechanical analysis, and biological testing helps develop bone scaffolds that offer durable mechanical support and clinical outcomes.
Keywords: biomaterials; titanium; scaffold; additive manufacturing; surface modification; osteointegration biomaterials; titanium; scaffold; additive manufacturing; surface modification; osteointegration
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MDPI and ACS Style

Fita, S.W.; Bonek, M.; Woźniak, A.; Sławski, S. Advances in Titanium-Based Biomaterial for Human Bone Scaffolds: Narrative Review on Design, Fabrication, Surface Engineering, Implantation, and Biological Evaluation. Materials 2025, 18, 5421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235421

AMA Style

Fita SW, Bonek M, Woźniak A, Sławski S. Advances in Titanium-Based Biomaterial for Human Bone Scaffolds: Narrative Review on Design, Fabrication, Surface Engineering, Implantation, and Biological Evaluation. Materials. 2025; 18(23):5421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235421

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fita, Sichale W., Mirosław Bonek, Anna Woźniak, and Sebastian Sławski. 2025. "Advances in Titanium-Based Biomaterial for Human Bone Scaffolds: Narrative Review on Design, Fabrication, Surface Engineering, Implantation, and Biological Evaluation" Materials 18, no. 23: 5421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235421

APA Style

Fita, S. W., Bonek, M., Woźniak, A., & Sławski, S. (2025). Advances in Titanium-Based Biomaterial for Human Bone Scaffolds: Narrative Review on Design, Fabrication, Surface Engineering, Implantation, and Biological Evaluation. Materials, 18(23), 5421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235421

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