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Article

Monitoring Water Absorption and Desorption in Untreated and Consolidated Tuff by a Non-Invasive Graphene-Based Humidity Sensor

by
Federico Olivieri
1,
Rachele Castaldo
1,
Gennaro Gentile
1,* and
Marino Lavorgna
2
1
Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
2
Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2023, 16(5), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051878
Submission received: 3 February 2023 / Revised: 14 February 2023 / Accepted: 21 February 2023 / Published: 24 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Sensing Applications)
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Abstract

A hybrid montmorillonite (MMT)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) film was realised and used as a non-invasive sensor for the monitoring of water absorption and desorption in pristine and consolidated tuff stones. This film was obtained by casting from a water dispersion containing graphene oxide (GO), montmorillonite and ascorbic acid; then the GO component was thermo-chemically reduced and the ascorbic acid phase was removed by washing. The hybrid film showed electrical surface conductivity that varied linearly with the relative humidity, ranging from 2.3 × 10−3 S in dry conditions to 5.0 × 10−3 S at 100% RH. The sensor was applied onto tuff stone samples through the use of a high amorphous polyvinyl alcohol layer (HAVOH) adhesive, which guaranteed good water diffusion from the stone to the film and was tested during water capillary absorption and drying tests. Results show that the sensor is able to monitor water content changes in the stone, being potentially useful to evaluate the water absorption and desorption behaviour of porous samples both in laboratory environments and in situ.
Keywords: stone; conservation; water absorption; water desorption; humidity; graphene sensor stone; conservation; water absorption; water desorption; humidity; graphene sensor

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MDPI and ACS Style

Olivieri, F.; Castaldo, R.; Gentile, G.; Lavorgna, M. Monitoring Water Absorption and Desorption in Untreated and Consolidated Tuff by a Non-Invasive Graphene-Based Humidity Sensor. Materials 2023, 16, 1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051878

AMA Style

Olivieri F, Castaldo R, Gentile G, Lavorgna M. Monitoring Water Absorption and Desorption in Untreated and Consolidated Tuff by a Non-Invasive Graphene-Based Humidity Sensor. Materials. 2023; 16(5):1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051878

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olivieri, Federico, Rachele Castaldo, Gennaro Gentile, and Marino Lavorgna. 2023. "Monitoring Water Absorption and Desorption in Untreated and Consolidated Tuff by a Non-Invasive Graphene-Based Humidity Sensor" Materials 16, no. 5: 1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051878

APA Style

Olivieri, F., Castaldo, R., Gentile, G., & Lavorgna, M. (2023). Monitoring Water Absorption and Desorption in Untreated and Consolidated Tuff by a Non-Invasive Graphene-Based Humidity Sensor. Materials, 16(5), 1878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051878

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