The Effects of Temperature and Time of Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Custom-Made NiTi Orthodontic Closed Coil Springs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fabrication of NiTi Closed Coil Springs
2.2. Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA)
2.3. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
2.4. Tensile Tests
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Composition of NiTi Materials
3.2. Transformation Temperature Range (TTR)
3.3. Mechanical Properties: Force Delivery, Plateau Slope, SE Ratio, and Stress Hysteresis
3.3.1. Force Delivery
3.3.2. Plateau Slope, SE Ratio, and Stress Hysteresis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Percentage by Atomic Weight | |
---|---|---|
Ni | Ti | |
Custom-made NiTi | 50.57 ± 0.22 | 49.41 ± 0.21 |
TOMY® | 51.64 ± 0.27 | 48.33 ± 0.27 |
Heat Treatment Condition (°C, min) | Mf (°C) | Ms (°C) | RMf (°C) | RMs (°C) | RAs (°C) | RAf (°C) | As (°C) | Af (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
400, 20 | −56.17 | −16.50 | 19.83 | 53.50 | 29.70 | 54.00 | - | - |
400, 40 | −57.33 | −13.33 | 24.33 | 58.50 | 29.33 | 59.16 | - | - |
400, 60 | −54.00 | −14.00 | 30.00 | 59.16 | 32.50 | 60.67 | - | - |
450, 20 | −52.50 | −13.50 | 25.00 | 39.16 | 30.83 | 43.33 | - | - |
450, 40 | −54.83 | −13.50 | 25.00 | 35.83 | 29.33 | 38.67 | - | - |
450, 60 | −56.5 | −0.66 | 32.5 | 47.00 | 36.33 | 49.33 | - | - |
500, 20 | −53.17 | −13.00 | 10.00 | 17.17 | 0.00 | 12.33 | 15.50 | 20.33 |
500, 40 | - | −47.67 | 14.00 | 19.17 | 4.00 | 17.17 | 19.17 | 23.00 |
500, 60 | - | −42.17 | 16.00 | 21.67 | 7.83 | 21.17 | 22.67 | 26.33 |
TOMY® | −56.17 | −25.67 | 16.67 | 37.33 | - | - | 14.83 | 31.33 |
Conditions (°C, min) | Plateau Slope | SE Ratio | Stress Hysteresis (gf ± S.D.) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 mm | 9 mm | 12 mm | |||
400, 20 | 5.11 | 2.76 | 26.77 ± 4.25 | 33.59 ± 4.00 | 30.49 ± 3.35 |
400, 40 | 5.54 | 2.09 | 26.19 ± 7.01 | 31.37 ± 4.25 | 25.28 ± 5.00 |
400, 60 | 5.67 | 2.50 | 24.93 ± 3.74 | 33.97 ± 3.67 | 30.02 ± 2.81 |
450, 20 | 5.10 | 3.06 | 17.10 ± 2.22 | 28.50 ± 2.03 | 26.83 ± 0.58 |
450, 40 | 4.21 | 3.87 | 23.71 ± 2.98 | 33.74 ± 2.98 | 30.32 ± 2.91 |
450, 60 | 4.27 | 3.63 | 25.46 ± 3.43 | 35.42 ± 2.77 | 31.01 ± 1.19 |
500, 20 | 3.44 | 5.63 | 26.15 ± 3.43 | 31.31 ± 2.31 | 27.74 ± 3.38 |
500, 40 | 2.88 | 8.06 | 32.68 ± 3.57 | 36.82 ± 4.89 | 31.83 ± 3.67 |
500, 60 | 3.08 | 6.61 | 32.91 ± 7.96 | 38.61 ± 7.34 | 33.44 ± 4.25 |
TOMY® | 2.76 | 13.79 | 55.12 ± 2.55 | 55.47 ± 2.68 | 41.65 ± 3.33 |
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Assawakawintip, T.; Santiwong, P.; Khantachawana, A.; Sipiyaruk, K.; Chintavalakorn, R. The Effects of Temperature and Time of Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Custom-Made NiTi Orthodontic Closed Coil Springs. Materials 2022, 15, 3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093121
Assawakawintip T, Santiwong P, Khantachawana A, Sipiyaruk K, Chintavalakorn R. The Effects of Temperature and Time of Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Custom-Made NiTi Orthodontic Closed Coil Springs. Materials. 2022; 15(9):3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093121
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssawakawintip, Thanate, Peerapong Santiwong, Anak Khantachawana, Kawin Sipiyaruk, and Rochaya Chintavalakorn. 2022. "The Effects of Temperature and Time of Heat Treatment on Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Custom-Made NiTi Orthodontic Closed Coil Springs" Materials 15, no. 9: 3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093121