Next Article in Journal
Study on Solidification and Stabilization of Antimony-Containing Tailings with Metallurgical Slag-Based Binders
Previous Article in Journal
Evaluation of In Doped GaAs Alloys to Optimize Electronic, Thermoelectric and Mechanical Properties
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Materials
Volume 15
Issue 5
10.3390/ma15051776
materials-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber

by
Robert B. Ataria
* and
Yong C. Wang
School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7JR, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051776
Submission received: 18 December 2021 / Revised: 8 January 2022 / Accepted: 17 January 2022 / Published: 26 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainability in Buildings: New Trends in the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Despite extensive research studies, recycled aggregates and worn-out tyres of motor vehicles are still not fully reused and are hence disposed of in ways that are damaging to the environment. Several studies have been carried out on recycled aggregate and rubberized concrete, but very limited studies are conducted on rubber recycled aggregate concrete. This study focuses on the workability, mechanical properties and durability performance of concrete made with 100% recycled aggregates and crumb rubber at different replacement level (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The first stage of the study covers the effect of incorporating crumb rubber at different concentration on the workability and mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete. The results revealed that the workability and mechanical properties of the recycled aggregate concrete can be used for structural applications when 5% of crumb rubber are used to replace recycled aggregates. The 28-days compressive strength of the rubberized recycled aggregate concrete with 5% crumb rubber concentration is reduced by 21.1% and 32.8% when compared to recycled aggregate concrete and control concrete, respectively. The second stage of the study assesses the durability performance of the recycled aggregate concrete with 5% crumb rubber concentration. The 5% crumb rubber content for durability tests was considered because the ultrasonic pulse velocity tests revealed that the quality of the recycled aggregate concrete is questionable if the concentration of crumb rubber particles is beyond 5%. The durability performance using the surface resistivity test also shows that the chloride ion penetration of recycled aggregates concrete with 5% crumb rubber replacement is moderate using air dried curing technique and high using the water bath curing method. Hence the study suggests the use of rubber recycled aggregate concrete for applications were the exposure condition is not extreme.

1. Introduction

Waste tyre disposal is currently causing serious environmental issues all over the world. Every year, approximately I billion waste tyres are generated globally, with 1.6 billion new tyres being produced [1]. Likewise, the amount of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes generated as a result of the increasing demolition of existing infrastructures is a thing of concern. It also is estimated that the UK generated 67.8 million tonnes of non-hazardous C&D waste, of which 62.6 million tonnes (92.3%) was recovered [2]. Studies have tried to utilize recycled aggregates and crumb rubber particles in making new concrete for structural applications [3,4,5], however a limited number of the studies combine both recycled materials to produce concrete [6,7,8]. To tackle the twin challenges of improving properties of recycled aggregate concrete, with or without crumb rubber, and replacing concrete using natural aggregates with recycled aggregate, it is necessary to understand the properties of recycled aggregate concrete with and without crumb rubber for structural applications.
The performance of recycled aggregate concrete generally decreases [9,10,11,12] and the reduction depends on many factors such as the quality of recycled aggregates [13], replacement level in concrete [9,12], water cement (w/c) ratio [14,15], etc. The strength reduction was also attributed to the amount of attached cement matrix on the recycled aggregates [10,12,16], which causes a weak interfacial bond between the attached old cement matrix and the surrounding concrete matrix. Different methods have been devised by authors to enhance the performance of the recycled concrete. Some of these techniques include the addition of extra amounts of cement, use of super plasticizers, incorporation of fly ash, silica fume [9,16,17,18] and the two stage mixing approach [19].
The research results so far also indicate that incorporating crumb rubber in concrete decreases the resulting concretes’ compressive and tensile strengths. This is attributed to the lower strength of rubber particles, and their weak bonding with cement paste [20,21,22,23,24]. However, some researchers have demonstrated that if a small amount of crumb rubber (not more than 5% in volume according to [21,25] and not more than 3% according to [26]) is used to replace mineral aggregates in concrete, then the rubberized concrete could maintain the same mechanical properties as concrete without crumb rubber. It is also possible to enhance the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete as suggested in [27,28,29] by using silica fume. The ultrafine silica fume is believed to create a good bonding between the rubber particles and the surrounding cement paste matrix. Pre-treatment of the rubber particles by soaking in sodium hydroxide NaOH solution before incorporating them into concrete is another method of enhancing the mechanical properties of rubberised concrete, as demonstrated by [6,30]. This was attributed to the benefit of the NaOH solution dislodging the zinc stearate on the rubber surface thereby enhancing the bonding between the rubber powder and the concrete substrate. It was also reported by [23,25,31,32] that rubber particles with small sizes gave higher strength than coarse rubber particles. This was attributed to the formation of larger air voids in the concrete when coarse crumb rubber particles were used [31]. Reference [32] investigated the durability properties of rubberized concrete with up to 30% rubber content. The carbonation depth of rubberized concrete was also greater than that of conventional concrete, and it increased with the rubber content, indicating greater corrosion susceptibility. The study’s findings suggest that rubberized concrete with a rubber content of up to 15% can be used for structural components with sufficient strength and service life. Rubberized concrete is frequently used in low-value applications such as road barriers, concrete paving blocks and playground concrete works. However, using rubberized concrete in structural members is an effective way to improve ductility, which is critical for structural members, particularly in seismic areas. When compared to conventional concrete, the use of crumb rubber in precast concrete panels is also beneficial in terms of sound absorption [33].
The current study assesses the performance of concrete made with recycled aggregate and crumb rubbers at different replacement levels. Different studies have been conducted on concrete performance either made with recycled aggregates or crumb rubber, but very limited studies utilize both recycled materials to make concrete [6,7,8]. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on the durability performance of rubber recycled aggregate concrete; thus, this study aims to fill these knowledge gaps.

2. Materials

2.1. Material Used

CEM 11/B-V 32.5N Portland fly ash cement complying with [34] was used for this study. Uncrushed natural aggregates of 10 mm size and recycled aggregates with composition shown in Table 1 were used in this work. The recycled aggregates used for this work sourced from Offerton Sand and Gravel (Manchester, UK). The recycled aggregates contain other impurities as detailed in Table 1. According to [35], the classification of recycled aggregates used in this study are low quality RC80 (recycled aggregates obtained from concrete products with 20% impurities). The water absorption rates and the densities of both the recycled and natural aggregates are shown in Table 2.
The grading of the natural aggregates, recycled aggregates are shown in Figure 1. Crumb rubber of 8 mm length and 2mm thickness with an aspect ratio of 4 from worn out vehicle tyres as shown in Figure 2 were supplied by SRC Products Ltd. (Stockport, UK).

2.2. Concrete Mix and Specimen Preparation

This study designed a reference concrete of 40 MPa cylindrical compressive strength as shown in Table 3. Crumb rubber was used to replace the coarse aggregates in different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The experimental programme in Table 4 allows for the systematic investigation and comparison of the effects of different proportions of crumb rubber in recycled aggregate concrete to those of natural aggregate concrete (NAC). The percentages of replacement of recycled aggregates by crumb rubber were carefully selected based on the recommendations made by [22,37,38] for the rubberised recycled aggregate concrete to achieve a substantial proportion of the mechanical properties of the reference concrete. In order to achieve a workable concrete, superplasticizer (1% of cement weight) was added to the recycled aggregate concrete with and without crumb rubber.
The recycled aggregates and fine sand were incorporated into the concrete mixer and mixed for 60 s followed by crumb rubber and 50% of water for another 60 s. Cement was then added for another 30 s and finally the remaining quantity of water was added in 120 s to attain a uniform concrete mix.

2.3. Concrete Resistivity of Specimens

For regular reinforced concrete structures using recycled aggregate concrete, durability is a particular concern [9,11,39] because recycled aggregates in their natural crushed state have higher porosity and permeability than natural aggregates and are therefore more susceptible to corrosion of the reinforcement.
In this study, the concentration of crumb rubber particles in recycled aggregate concrete is limited to 5% in order to preserve its mechanical properties. Hence, the durability assessment of the recycled aggregate concrete with 5% of crumb rubber concentration will be conducted.
The surface resistivity test was used in this study to measure the durability performance (chloride ion penetration) of the recycled aggregate concrete with crumb rubber. The resistivity tests were conducted on cylindrical specimen of size ϕ100 × 200 mm based on the specifications presented in [40]. The four probes are placed on the surface of the cylindrical specimen to produce electrical contact as shown in Figure 3. The two external probes generate pulse of alternating current through the concrete sample and the inner probes measure the electrical potential created. The surface resistivity measurements were taken with a fixed probe spacing of 38 mm with an alternating current frequency of 13 Hz [41,42].

3. Experimental Results

3.1. Fresh Properties

For each mix, slump tests were carried out and results presented to ascertain the workability of the concrete. The workability of all mixes was assessed by means of slump test according to [43]. The concrete was placed in a cone of 300 mm in three layers. At each layer, the concrete is compacted with 25 strokes of a tamping rod. After filling and compacting the top layer, the surface of the concrete is struck off by means of sawing and the rolling action of the compacting rod. The mould is then carefully lifted within a time interval of 2 to 5 s. Figure 4 shows the effect of the crumb rubber and recycled aggregates on the workability of concrete.
The workability of the recycled aggregate concrete was enhanced to level comparable to the reference concrete (165 mm) by adding superplasticizer (1% of the cement weight). The added superplasticizer compensates for the water absorbed by the recycled aggregates during mixing process [18,44,45]. However, adding crumb rubber reduces the workability of the recycled aggregate concrete. This can be attributed to the crumb rubber surface texture and water absorbability of the crumb rubber particles. The observed results are similar to those reported by [23,42,46].There is no significant difference in workability when 5% of the recycled aggregates were replaced with crumb rubber particles in recycled aggregate concrete. This is due to the crumb rubber’s slightly higher water absorption than the replaced recycled aggregates. According to [47], the water absorption of crumb rubber less than 50mm is 6.7%, while recycled aggregates, as shown in Table 2, have a water absorption of 5.77%. Hence, 5% crumb rubber replacement level did not have influence on workability. However, a sharp reduction in workability was observed for rubber recycled aggregate concrete when more than 5% crumb rubber particles were incorporated into the recycled aggregate concrete.

3.2. Hardened Properties

3.2.1. Compressive Strength

For each mix, three concrete cubes were tested as per specifications made in [48] and the results presented are the average values for 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. As expected, the results in Table 5 and Figure 5 reveals that addition of crumb rubber particles in the recycled aggregate concrete reduces its compressive strength. The reduction of the compressive strength was attributed to the low elastic modulus and high poisons ratio of the crumb rubber capable of initiating premature cracking under loading condition [23,49,50]. Weak bonding between the rubber particles and cement paste could also lead to reduction in compressive strength [51]. However, the recycled aggregate concrete maintains most of its properties when the crumb rubber concentration is limited to 5%.
The results of the ultrasonic pulse velocity in Table 5 were used to ascertain the quality of already cast concrete. The ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were based on the specifications made in [52]. The pulse velocity of the recycled aggregate concrete drop by 6.9% compared to reference concrete mainly due to the micro cracks sustained by the recycled aggregates during extraction. Addition of crumb rubber to the recycled aggregate concrete further drop the pulse velocity in Table 5 and is attributed to the entrapped air by the crumb rubber particles, as well as the low ultrasonic wave velocity in crumb rubber. However, based on the criteria made in Table 6, the quality of the rubber recycled aggregate concrete in Table 5 is questionable if the rubber content is more than 5%.
Figure 6 shows the compressive strength of the concrete mixes subject to axial monolithic loading. The stress strain results in Figure 6 shows higher ductility of the concrete with crumb rubber particles compared to the conventional concrete.
The failure mode of the concrete mixes without crumb rubber is brittle. However, addition of crumb rubber enhances the ductility of the recycled concrete mixes. This due to the higher deformability of the crumb rubber particles used in the replacing the recycled aggregates.

3.2.2. Tensile Strength

Three split tensile strength tests were carried out for each mix based on the specifications in [53] and the average results are presented in Figure 7, which shows how the amount of crumb rubber influenced the splitting tensile strength of rubber recycled aggregate concrete. A linear reduction is the best fit, ranging from 14.3% at 5% crumb rubber to reductions of 21.4%, 35.7% and 45.4% at 10%, 15% and 20% of crumb rubber, respectively, for rubber recycled aggregate concretes.

3.3. Durability of the Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Crumb Rubber

The samples for the concrete resistivity tests were cured for 28 days prior to testing. Two curing techniques were adopted in this study; some samples are fully submerged in tap water at a temperature of (20 ± 2) °C and relative humidity ≥95% while others are wrapped with damp cloth at a temperature of (20 ± 5) °C. The samples cured in tap water were tested under surface saturation condition. All the samples are marked at four locations equally spaced at 90 degrees as shown in Figure 3 prior to curing process. The surface resistivity tests for surface saturated samples and air-dried samples were carried out after 28 days curing. Excess water on the samples surface cured in water were wiped off with damped cloth. The probes of the resistivity equipment are dipped in water prior to tests for air dried samples to ensure proper surface contact. Resistivity measurements of all samples were repeatedly taken at four different locations (total of eight readings on each sample) to ensure quality control applications as specified in [40].
The surface resistivity of concrete mixes cured for 7 and 28 days are shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The chloride ion penetration of concrete mixes for rubber recycled aggregate concrete under saturated surface dried state is high based on the specifications made in Table 7. This may be attributed to the voids in recycled concrete due to the presence of crumb rubber particles, hence creating a path for ingress of fluids into the concrete. This can also be illustrated with the ultrasonic pulse velocity tests in Table 5. The ultrasonic pulse velocity of the recycled aggregate concrete reduces with the increase in crumb rubber concentration, indicating the presence of voids in the concrete.
However, under air dried state the durability performance of the recycled concrete with 5% crumb rubber concentration is moderate based on the Table 7 specifications. The result of the recycled concrete is also comparable to the control mix under the air-dried curing method. Hence, the use of recycled concrete containing rubber content of limited amount (5%) could be useful for construction applications, especially where exposure condition is not extreme or critical.

4. Conclusions

The effect of crumb rubber on the strength and penetration of chloride ion in recycled aggregate concrete was investigated using the surface resistivity test method. Different concentrations (5%,10%, 15% and 20%) of crumb rubber in recycled aggregate concrete were considered in the study. The results clearly shown that addition of crumb rubber reduces the compressive strength of the recycled aggregate concrete moderately when its concentration is limited to 5%. The study also observes the resistivity of chloride ions for recycled aggregate concrete with 5% crumb rubber concentration. Based on the ultrasonic pulse velocity results, the use of recycled aggregate concrete with crumb rubber content beyond 5% is questionable.
The results of the surface resistivity tests shows that the resistivity of the recycled aggregate concrete to chloride ion penetration is moderate under the air dried curing technique. However, using the water bath technique, the resistivity was found to be low based on the specifications listed in Table 7. Hence, the study suggests the application of recycled aggregate concrete with crumb rubber in the construction industry where the exposure conditions are not extreme. The rubber recycled aggregate concrete could be useful, for example, in making concrete wall panels, concrete lintels and road kerbs where the criteria for exposure conditions for durability are not so critical.
Furthermore, the ductility of recycled concrete with crumb rubber is found to be greater than that of recycled concrete without crumb rubber. As a result, using rubberized concrete for structural members subject to seismic loads is a promising potential application. Rubberized recycled concrete is an alternative solution for meeting sustainability targets and reducing embodied carbon in the construction industry. However, its limitations are the reduction in strength and the willingness of contractors to use the concrete product on new projects due to the previously mentioned associated drawbacks.

Further Research

Further research on the durability performance of the recycled concrete with crumb rubber concentration using different mix ratios is needed. Pre-treatment of the crumb rubber particles could also be considered when assessing the durability of the recycled concrete.

Author Contributions

R.B.A. and Y.C.W. proposed the study concept and designed the experiments. R.B.A. conducted the tests and analyzed the data. The first draught was authored by R.B.A. and Y.C.W. helped with the proofreading. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to convey their heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to Paul Nedwell and John Mason for their assistance with the laboratory experiments.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. WBCSD. Tire Industry Project, “End-of-Life Tires: A Framework for Effective Management Systems”; World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. [Google Scholar]
  2. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. UK Statistics on Waste; Government Statistical Service: London, UK, 2021.
  3. Arezoumandi, M.; Smith, A.; Volz, J.S.; Khayat, K.H. An experimental study on shear strength of reinforced concrete beams with 100% recycled concrete aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 53, 612–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Ismail, K.M.; Hassan, A.A.A.; Hussein, A.A. Structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams containing crumb rubber and steel fibres. Mag. Concr. Res. 2017, 69, 939–953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Xiao, J.; Xie, H.; Yang, Z. Shear transfer across a crack in recycled aggregate concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2012, 42, 700–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Tamanna, K.; Tiznobaik, M.; Banthia, N.; Alam, M.S. Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate. ACI Mater. J. 2020, 117, 169–180. [Google Scholar]
  7. Henry, M.; Yamashita, H.; Nishimura, T.; Kato, Y. Properties and mechanical–environmental efficiency of concrete combining recycled rubber with waste materials. Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 2011, 5, 66–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Aslani, F.; Ma, G.; Wan, D.L.Y.; Muselin, G. Development of high-performance self-compacting concrete using waste recycled concrete aggregates and rubber granules. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 182, 553–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Kou, S.C.; Poon, C.S. Enhancing the durability properties of concrete prepared with coarse recycled aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 35, 69–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Duan, Z.H.; Poon, C.S. Properties of recycled aggregate concrete made with recycled aggregates with different amounts of old adhered mortars. Mater. Des. 2014, 58, 19–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Manzi, S.; Mazzotti, C.; Bignozzi, M.C. Short and long-term behavior of structural concrete with recycled concrete aggregate. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2013, 37, 312–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Kwan, W.H.; Ramli, M.; Kam, K.J.; Sulieman, M.Z. Influence of the amount of recycled coarse aggregate in concrete design and durability properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 26, 565–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Bolouri Bazaz, J.; Khayati, M. Properties and Performance of Concrete Made with Recycled Low-Quality Crushed Brick. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2012, 24, 330–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Beltran, M.G.; Barbudo, A.; Agrela, F.; Galvín, A.P.; Jiménez, J.R. Effect of cement addition on the properties of recycled concretes to reach control concretes strengths. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 79, 124–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Etxeberria, M.; Vázquez, E.; Marí, A.; Barra, M. Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2007, 37, 735–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. de Juan, M.S.; Gutiérrez, P.A. Study on the influence of attached mortar content on the properties of recycled concrete aggregate. Constr. Build. Mater. 2009, 23, 872–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Dilbas, H.; Şimşek, M.; Çakır, Ö. An investigation on mechanical and physical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with and without silica fume. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 61, 50–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Barbudo, A.; De Brito, J.; Evangelista, L.; Bravo, M.; Agrela, F. Influence of water-reducing admixtures on the mechanical performance of recycled concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 59, 93–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Ignjatović, I.S.; Marinković, S.B.; Mišković, Z.M.; Savić, A.R. Flexural behavior of reinforced recycled aggregate concrete beams under short-term loading. Mater. Struct. 2012, 46, 1045–1059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Tam, V.W.Y.; Gao, X.F.; Tam, C.M. Microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two-stage mixing approach. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005, 35, 1195–1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Toutanji, H.A. The Use of Rubber Tire Particles in Concrete to replace mineral aggregates. Cem. Concr. Compos. 1995, 18, 135–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Ganjian, E.; Khorami, M.; Maghsoudi, A.A. Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2009, 23, 1828–1836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Khaloo, A.R.; Dehestani, M.; Rahmatabadi, P. Mechanical properties of concrete containing a high volume of tire-rubber particles. Waste Manag. 2008, 28, 2472–2482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Moustafa, A.; ElGawady, M.A. Mechanical properties of high strength concrete with scrap tire rubber. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 93, 249–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Eldin, N.N.; Senouci, A.B. Measurement and Prediction of the Strength of Rubberized Concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos. 1994, 16, 287–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Shah, S.F.A.; Naseer, A.; Shah, A.A.; Ashraf, M. Evaluation of Thermal and Structural Behavior of Concrete Containing Rubber Aggregate. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 2014, 39, 6919–6926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Hernández-Olivares, F.; Barluenga, G. Fire performance of recycled rubber-filled high-strength concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2004, 34, 109–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Gesoğlu, M.; Güneyisi, E. Strength development and chloride penetration in rubberized concretes with and without silica fume. Mater. Struct. 2007, 40, 953–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Onuaguluchi, O.; Panesar, D.K. Hardened properties of concrete mixtures containing pre-coated crumb rubber and silica fume. J. Clean. Prod. 2014, 82, 125–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Yilmaz, A.; Degirmenci, N. Possibility of using waste tire rubber and fly ash with Portland cement as construction materials. Waste Manag. 2009, 29, 1541–1546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Ma, Q.W.; Yue, J.C. Effect on Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Concrete due to Pretreatment of Waste Tire Rubber with NaOH. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2013, 357, 897–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Su, H.; Yang, J.; Ling, T.C.; Ghataora, G.S.; Dirar, S. Properties of concrete prepared with waste tyre rubber particles of uniform and varying sizes. J. Clean. Prod. 2015, 91, 288–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  33. Najim, K.B.; Hall, M.R. Workability and mechanical properties of crumb-rubber concrete. Proc. ICE—Constr. Mater. 2013, 166, 7–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Pham, T.M.; Elchalakani, M.; Hao, H.; Lai, J.; Ameduri, S.; Tran, T.M. Durability characteristics of lightweight rubberized concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 224, 584–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Sukontasukkul, P. Use of crumb rubber to improve thermal and sound properties of pre-cast concrete panel. Constr. Build. Mater. 2009, 23, 1084–1092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. BS EN 197-1:2011; Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements. BSI Standards Publication: London, UK, 2011.
  37. BS EN 12620; Aggregates for Concrete. BSI Standards Publication: London, UK, 2013.
  38. Ling, T.C.; Nor, H.M.; Lim, S.K. Using recycled waste tyres in concrete paving blocks. In Proceedings of the ICE—Waste and Resource Management; ICE Virtual Library: London, UK, 2010; Volume 163, pp. 37–45. [Google Scholar]
  39. Yadav, S.; Pathak, S. Durability Aspects of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: An Experimental Study. Int. J. Civ. Environ. Eng. 2018, 12, 313–323. [Google Scholar]
  40. AASHTO-TP95; Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials: Washington, DC, USA, 2014.
  41. ACI228–2R; Report on Nondestructive Test Methods for Evaluation of Concrete in Structures. ACI: Farmington Hills, MI, USA, 2013.
  42. Layssi, H.; Ghods, P.; Alizadeh, A.R.; Salehi, M. Electrical Resistivity of Concrete: Concepts, applications, and measurement techniques. Concr. Int. 2015, 37, 41–46. [Google Scholar]
  43. BS-EN12350–2-2009; Testing Fresh Concrete—Part 2: Slump-Test. British Standard Publications: London, UK, 2009.
  44. Mefteh, H.; Kebaïli, O.; Oucief, H.; Berredjem, L.; Arabi, N. Influence of moisture conditioning of recycled aggregates on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 54, 282–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Matias, D.; De Brito, J.; Rosa, A.; Pedro, D. Mechanical properties of concrete produced with recycled coarse aggregates—Influence of the use of superplasticizers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 44, 101–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Aiello, M.A.; Leuzzi, F. Waste tyre rubberized concrete: Properties at fresh and hardened state. Waste Manag. 2010, 30, 1696–1704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Moo-Young, H.; Sellasie, K.; Zeroka, D.; Sabnis, G. Physical and Chemical Properties of Recycled Tire Shreds for Use in Construction. J. Environ. Eng. 2003, 129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. BS-EN12390–3-2009; Testing Hardened Concrete—Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens. British standard publications: London, UK, 2009.
  49. Najim, K.B.; Hall, M.R. Mechanical and dynamic properties of self-compacting crumb rubber modified concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 27, 521–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Bignozzi, M.C.; Sandrolini, F. Tyre rubber waste recycling in self-compacting concrete. Cem. Concr. Res. 2006, 36, 735–739. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Emiroglu, M.; Kelestemur, M.H.; Yildiz, S. An investigation on ITZ microstructure of the concrete containing waste vehicles tire. In Proceedings of the 8th International Fracture Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, 8 November 2007. [Google Scholar]
  52. BS1881–203:1986; Testing Concrete—Part 203: Recommendations for Measurement of Velocity of Ultrasonic Pulses in Concrete. British Standard Publications: London, UK, 1986.
  53. BS-EN12390-6-2000; Testing Hardened Concrete—Part 6: Tensile Splitting Strength of Test Specimens. British Standard Publications: London, UK, 2000.
Materials 15 01776 g001 550
Figure 1. Grading of natural aggregates, recycled aggregates and fine sand [36].
Figure 1. Grading of natural aggregates, recycled aggregates and fine sand [36].
Materials 15 01776 g001
Materials 15 01776 g002 550
Figure 2. Crumb rubber (8 mm length) particles from worn out tyres.
Figure 2. Crumb rubber (8 mm length) particles from worn out tyres.
Materials 15 01776 g002
Materials 15 01776 g003 550
Figure 3. Surface resistivity measurements of cylindrical concrete samples. (a) Resistivity measurement on cylinders. (b) Sample markings.
Figure 3. Surface resistivity measurements of cylindrical concrete samples. (a) Resistivity measurement on cylinders. (b) Sample markings.
Materials 15 01776 g003
Materials 15 01776 g004 550
Figure 4. Influence of crumb rubber concentration on the workability of recycled aggregate concrete.
Figure 4. Influence of crumb rubber concentration on the workability of recycled aggregate concrete.
Materials 15 01776 g004
Materials 15 01776 g005 550
Figure 5. Influence of crumb rubber content on the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete.
Figure 5. Influence of crumb rubber content on the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete.
Materials 15 01776 g005
Materials 15 01776 g006 550
Figure 6. Compressive stress strain relationships of recycled aggregate concrete with different amounts of rubber particles.
Figure 6. Compressive stress strain relationships of recycled aggregate concrete with different amounts of rubber particles.
Materials 15 01776 g006
Materials 15 01776 g007 550
Figure 7. Influence of crumb rubber content on the tensile strength of recycled aggregate concrete.
Figure 7. Influence of crumb rubber content on the tensile strength of recycled aggregate concrete.
Materials 15 01776 g007
Materials 15 01776 g008 550
Figure 8. Surface resistivity of concrete mixes at saturated surface dried and air-dried state for 7 days curing.
Figure 8. Surface resistivity of concrete mixes at saturated surface dried and air-dried state for 7 days curing.
Materials 15 01776 g008
Materials 15 01776 g009 550
Figure 9. Surface resistivity of concrete mixes at saturated surface dried and air-dried state for 28 days curing.
Figure 9. Surface resistivity of concrete mixes at saturated surface dried and air-dried state for 28 days curing.
Materials 15 01776 g009
Table
Table 1. Composition of natural and recycled aggregates.
Table 1. Composition of natural and recycled aggregates.
CompositionProportion
Natural aggregates
Quartzite79%
Sandstone6%
Basalt5%
Others10%
Recycled Aggregates
Recycled Aggregates81%
Bricks13%
Dust6%
Table
Table 2. Water absorption rates and densities of natural and recycled aggregates.
Table 2. Water absorption rates and densities of natural and recycled aggregates.
TypeApparent Particle DensityParticle Density on Oven Dry BasesParticle Density on Saturated and Oven Dry BasesWater Absorption (%)
Natural aggregate2.692.622.651.05
Recycled aggregates (RA)2.612.272.405.77
Table
Table 3. Concrete mix composition of the reference concrete.
Table 3. Concrete mix composition of the reference concrete.
Mix TypeCement (kg)Water (kg)w/cSand (kg)Coarse Aggregates
(kg)
NAC5502200.4626939
Table
Table 4. Experimental programme.
Table 4. Experimental programme.
SpecimenNatural AggregatesRecycled Aggregates (RA)Crumb RubberSand
Designation(% by Weight)(% by Weight)(% by RA Weight)(% by Weight)
NAC100--100
RAC-100-100
RRAC5-1005100
RRAC10-10010100
RRAC 15-10015100
RRAC 20-10020100
NAC- Natural aggregate concrete; RAC- Recycled aggregate concrete; RA- Recycled aggregate; RRAC5, RRAC10, RRAC15 and RRAC20- Rubber recycled aggregate concrete with 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent of crumb rubber content respectively of recycled aggregate weight.
Table
Table 5. Experimental results of the concrete hardened properties.
Table 5. Experimental results of the concrete hardened properties.
SpecimenCompressive Strength (MPa)TensileUltrasonic Pulse
Type7 days28 days90 daysStrength MPaVelocity (KM/s)
NAC34.647.860.44.114.19
RAC3040.756.93.503.90
RRAC523.732.144.32.723.72
RRAC1018.6925.337.62.823.61
RRAC 1515.2821.929.42.333.54
RRAC 2013.2417.522.51.913.41
Table
Table 6. Concrete classification based on Ultrasonic pulse velocity [52].
Table 6. Concrete classification based on Ultrasonic pulse velocity [52].
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (m/s)Concrete Classification
V > 4575Excellent
4575 > V > 3660Good
3660 > V > 3050Questionable
3050 > V > 2135Poor
V < 2135Very poor
Table
Table 7. Comparison of chloride penetrability levels established for standards based on electrical resistivity (AASHTO TP 95) and charged passed (ASTM C1202) [40].
Table 7. Comparison of chloride penetrability levels established for standards based on electrical resistivity (AASHTO TP 95) and charged passed (ASTM C1202) [40].
Chloride Ion PenetrabilityAASHTO TP 95, kΩ.cmASTM C1202, Coulombs
High<12>4000
Moderate12 to 212000 to 4000
Low21 to 371000 to 2000
Very Low37 to 254100 to 1000
Negligible>254<100
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ataria, R.B.; Wang, Y.C. Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber. Materials 2022, 15, 1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051776

AMA Style

Ataria RB, Wang YC. Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber. Materials. 2022; 15(5):1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051776

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ataria, Robert B., and Yong C. Wang. 2022. "Mechanical Properties and Durability Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber" Materials 15, no. 5: 1776. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051776

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop